Development Flashcards
What is attachment?
The emotional dependence of the infant on its mother, this involves resources and security because the infant depends on the mother for these things
Who developed attachment theory and what is it?
John Bowlby
Secure attachment between mother and child affects the child’s ability to form healthy relationships later in life.
Piagets four stages of cognitive development include the sensorimotor stage (age 0-2: object permanence), the stage of preoperational thought(age 2-7: fantasy, symbols, intuitive age, still egocentic) concrete operations (7-11-can put self in someone else shoes), and the formal operations stage(12+: love, success, deductive reasoning). What happens during the concrete operations stage?
- The child begins to deal with information outside him or herself and see things from others’ perspectives.
- develop conservation which is the idea that although objects may change they can maintain characteristics that allow them to be recognized in the same way EX: different leaves may have different shapes and colors but are all leaves
- develop concept of reversibility- things can change form and shape then go back again (ice-water)
When do most children have concept of being either male or female?
Age 2-3
When do friend groups provide the most important relationships?
Adolescence and during this time any deviation in appearance, dress, or behavior can lead to a decrease in self-esteem
What are Erik Erikson’s stages of development?
- Trust vs mistrust (birth-1): ease of feeding and depth of sleep, depends on consistency of caregiver
- Autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-2): child walks, feeds himself. Shame if excessive punishment and self-doubt if feel ashamed
- Initiative vs guilt (3-5): initiates motor and intellectual activities. If made to feel inadequate will develop guilt
- Industry vs inferiority (6-11): building, if worse than peers then inferior
- Ego identity vs role confusion (11 to end of adolescence): inner sameness and community
- Intimacy vs isolation (21-40): forming life long attachments and self-abandonment. Sep if isolated
- Generatively vs. Stagnation (40 to 60): child raising, altruism, guiding. stagnation if isolation, excessive self concern, no intimacy
- Ego integrity vs despair(65+): sense life has been worthwhile, acceptance of one’s place in life. Despair is feeling of loss of hope, fear of death.
How long do the following baby reflexes last?
tonic neck (fencing) 3 months
Moro, grasp, rooting-6 months
parachute-persists longer than 6 months
How long do the following baby reflexes last?
tonic neck (fencing) 3 months
Moro, grasp, rooting-6 months
parachute-persists longer than 6 months
What happens in the sensorimotor stage of Piagets stages of cognitive development?
children respond to stimuli in the environment
- develop object permanence and begin to understand symbols (words to express thought)
What happens during the preoperational stage in Piagets stages of cognitive development?
sense that punishment for bad deeds in unavoidable (immanent justice)
- sense of egocentrism and phenomenalistic causality (the thought that events that occur together cause on another)
- animistic thinking (giving thoughts and feeling to inanimate objects)
What happens in the concrete operations stage of piagets stages of cognitive development?
-egocentric thought changes to operational thought, in which anothers point of view can be taken into consideration
- can put things in order and group objects
- understanding of conservation and reversibility
What happens in the formal operations stage?
children can think abstractly, reason deductively and define abstract concepts
Mahler’s stages of separation and individuation
- normal autism- birth to 2 months-spends more time asleep than awake
- symbiosis- 2-5 months-baby is developing inner and outer world- single entity with mother
- differentiation-5-10 months-distinguish from mother
- practicing 10-18 months- babys ability to move independently and explore outsie world
- reapprochement- 18-24 month-independence vacillates with its need for mother-checks in
- object constancy 2-5 years-permanence of people when not present
epigenetic principles
development occurs in sequential clearly defined stages
bowlby and robertson identified three essential stages of separation among children, what are they
- crying and protest, and searching for her
- despair and pain. the child loses faith that mother will return
- detachment and denial of affection to the mother figure on her return
Oral phase
- brith to 1 year
- adults w/ resolution of the oral phase give and receive without excessive dependency or envy
anal
1-3
-successful completion of this stage leads to a sense of independence from the parent. failure leads to obsessive compulsive neuroses
phallic
3-5
- poor resolution of this stage lead to neurosis often associated w/ poor resolution of oepidal complex
- successful-clear sense of sexual identity
latency
5 to puberty
- consolidating and integrating
- decrease in sexual interest and energy
genital stage
11/13-adulthood
- libidinal drives intensified
Central and peripheral nervous system arise from neural tube which gives rise to what?
the ectoderm-peripheral nervous system
and neural tube itself becomes cns
when is peak of neuronal proliferation
second trimester
what are neurons guided by
glial cells, which peaks during first 6 months of gestation
what is the highest rate of synapse formation
peaks at age 2 with as many as 30 million synapses forming per second
2 months
cooing, smiling with social contact, holding head up 45. degrees
4 months
laughing/squealing, sustaining social contact, grasping objects, weight bearing on legs
6 months
imitating speech sounds, single syllables, preferes mother, enjoys mirrors, transferring objects hand to hand, raking grasp, sitting up with support
8 months
jabbering, peek a boo, patty cake, waving bye, sitting without support, creeping or crawling
12 months
speech specific to “dada/mama”, playing simple ball games, able to adjust body to dressing, standing alone, pincer grasp
14 months
one to two word vocabulary, indicating desire by pointing, hugging parents, walking alone, stooping and recovering
18 months
6 word vocabulary, able to feed self, walk up stairs with hand held, imitating scribbling
24 months
combining words, 250 word vocabulary, helping to undress, listing to picture stories, running well, making circular scribbles, copying horizantal line
30 months
knows full name, refers to self as I, pretending in play, helping put things away, climbing stairs, alternating feet, copying a vertical line
36 months
counting 3 objects, knowing age and sex, helping in dressing, riding a tricycle, standing briefly on one foot, copying a circle
48 months
telling a story, counting 4 objects, playing with other children, using toilet alone, hopping on one foot, using scissors to cut out pictures, copying a square and cross
60 months
naming 4 colors, counting 10 objects, asking about word meanings, domestic role playing, skipping, copying a triangle
according to Kohut when can the three-part self develop?
- when the needs of one’s “self states” are met in relationship with others
- focused on changes of relationship
- demonstrated how we develop our sense of self using narcissism as a model
what is kohuts bipolar self
1) system of ambitions
2) system of ideals
When do grasp and tonic reflexes begin to recede?
2 to 6 months
TD develops in about 10-20% of pts treated for more than one year, women more likely than men to develop TD, who else is at increased risk?
children, patients over 50, those with brain damage or mood disorders
- less likely to remit in elderly
Levinson’s theory of developement
adults development into 4 stages each lasting 25 years
normality-as-process
changes in personality over time are an essential part of the development process
- emphasis on changes overtime rather than where a person should be a given time
