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Neuroanatomy and Physiology > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 broad families of neurotransmitter receptors?

A
  • Inotropic receptors

- Metabotropic receptors

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2
Q

What are inotropic receptors also referred to as?

A

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

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3
Q

Inotropic receptors are activated by a _______ and ________ opens a channel.

A
  • ligand

- directly

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4
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A term for any substance that can bind to a target protein.

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5
Q

What are metabotropic receptors alse referred to as?

A

G-Coupled Receptors

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters also bind to metabotropic receptors, but instead of immediately opening an ion channel, the next step is to activate an intermediate protein known as ___________. This intermediate protein can then influence the opening of ion channels, but it can also initiate signaling cascades within the cell via __________ messengers.

A
  • G-protein

- secondary

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7
Q

G protein receptors have a ______ action but have __________ effects.

A
  • slower

- widespread

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8
Q

Metabotropic receptors ________ activate ion channels.

A

indirectly

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9
Q

GLUTAMATE

A

GLUTAMATE

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10
Q

What is the most abundant neurotransmitter in our brain and CNS? It is also involved in virtually every excitatory brain function.

A

Glutamate

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11
Q

What are the 2 functions glutamate has?

A
  • learning and memory

- synaptic plasticity

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12
Q

What are the 3 glutamatergic inotropic receptors?

A
  • NMDA
  • AMPA
  • Kainate
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13
Q

In addition to NMDA and AMPA, glutamate can bind to the inotropic receptor __________ receptors.

A

Kainate

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14
Q

Kainate receptors have both ________ and __________ actions.

A

-pre and postsynaptic

  • presynaptic: GABA
  • postsynaptic: Glutamate
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15
Q

Unlike NMDA/AMPA receptors, kainate receptors play only a minor role in ______________.

A

synaptic plasticity

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16
Q

What are the 2 functions of glutamatergic metabotropic receptors?

A
  • modulates glutamate release

- affect postsynaptic excitability

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17
Q

Ligands and other NT (such as drugs) can also bind to receptors. If they have the same effect as the NT, they are known as __________. If they block the effects of the NT, they are known as _________.

A
  • agonist

- antagonist

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18
Q

Some drugs can bind to the site the neurotransmitter binds to and have the exact opposite effect, what are these drugs called?

A

inverse agonists

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19
Q

Drugs may bind to a site on the receptor that is seperate from the site where the NT binds and affect the likelihood that the NT will bind. What are these called?

A

neuromodulators

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20
Q

PCP inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin and also inhibits the action of glutamate by doing what?

A

blocking NMDA receptors

21
Q

It is thought that the drug Riluzole blocks the release of _________ from nerve cells, helping to treat ALS.

A

glutamate

22
Q

How does glutamate excitotoxicity work?

A
  • increased glutamate
  • continuous AMPA/NMDA binding, leaving channels open too long
  • way too much Ca+ ends up in cell
  • apoptosis occurs (cascade of cell death)
23
Q

What are 3 diseases involved with the activity of glutamate?

A
  • Schizophrenia
  • Epilepsy
  • Alzheimer’s
24
Q

_________ glutamate leads to ___________ of NMDA receptors, which is thought to be a cause of epileptic seizures.

A
  • excessive

- overactivity

25
Q

Glutamate ___________ are potential anticonvulsants.

A

antagonists

26
Q

GABA

A

GABA

27
Q

What is the major inhibitory MT in the CNS, particularly at interneurons within the spinal cord?

A

GABA

28
Q

What are the functions of GABA?

A
  • treatment of anxiety, rehab for drug abuse

- inhibits motor, sensory, and cognitive neurons: sedation, muscular/cardiorespiratory relaxation, pain inhibition

29
Q

What is the inotropic GABA receptor?

A

GABAᴀ

30
Q

What is the metabotropic GABA receptor?

A

GABAʙ

31
Q

What are 4 GABA agonists?

A
  • alcohol
  • benzodiazepines
  • barbiturates
  • baclofen
32
Q

Alcohol can happen on both the _______ and _____________.

A

pre and postsynaptic neuron

33
Q

Benzodiazepines is a class of psychoactive drugs used to treat a range of conditions, including _______ and _________. It ________ post synaptic receptors sensitivity to _______ binding.

A
  • anxiety and insomnia

- increases

34
Q

Barbiturates are for the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, seizure disorders, and muscle relaxants but were used less when ___________ was created. They acted to ___________ the openings of individual GABA channels.

A
  • benzodiazepines

- prolong

35
Q

Baclofen is an ____________ drug and _______________ the presynaptic release of GABA in the spinal cord, leading to relaxation.

A
  • antispasticity

- increases

36
Q

What are 2 diseases GABA is used to treat?

A
  • Epilepsy

- Huntington’s Diseases

37
Q

GLYCINE

A

GLYCINE

38
Q

Glycine is found in the __________ and ________________. It has an ___________ post-synaptic response.

A
  • brain stem and spinal cord

- inhibitory

39
Q

What is the function of glycine?

A
  • inhibits spinal interneurons

- functions alongside GABA

40
Q

Glycine only has _________ receptors.

A

inotropic

41
Q

When glycinne receptors are activated, _______ enters the neuron via inotropic receptors.

A

chloride

42
Q

What is a potent glycine antagonist that is used primarily as a pesticide?

A

strychnine

43
Q

What 2 conditions are glycine used in?

A
  • Spasticity

- Spinal Shock (have too much glycine)

44
Q

What is spinal shock?

A
  • acute phenomenon seen after spinal cord injury
  • patient presents with LMN symptoms, despite UMN injury, that lasts hours-1 week after injury
  • significant elevated glycine levels found after injury, thought to be a strong component to why spinal shock occurs
45
Q

ACETYLCHOLINE

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

46
Q

ACh is widely distributed through what structures?

A
  • motor neurons, basal ganglia, ANS

- NMJ

47
Q

ACh has an ___________ post-synaptic response

A

excitatory

48
Q

ACh is the major conveyer of information in the _______. All _______ neurons use ACh to elicit fast-acting effects on muscle membranes

A
  • PNS

- motor

49
Q

What are the functions of ACh?

A
  • triggers muscle contraction
  • ANS involvement (slow HR, constrict pupils, increase digestive secretions and smooth muscle contractions)
  • stimulate excretion of certain hormones
  • In CNS involved in wakefulness, attentiveness, anger, sexuality

Neuroanatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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