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Neuroanatomy and Physiology > Lecture 5- CNS Brainstem > Flashcards

Lecture 5- CNS Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

What parts make up the brain stem?

A
  • Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • Pons (part of Metencephalon)
  • Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
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2
Q

The brain stem connects what?

A

connects diencephalon to spinal cord

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3
Q

MEDULLA=MYELENCEPHALON

A

MEDULLA=MYELENCAPHALON

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4
Q

The medulla is an extension of the __________ and ends at the __________.

A
  • spinal cord

- metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)

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5
Q

The medulla carries both ________ and __________ fiber tracts.

A
  • ascending sensory

- descending motor

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6
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle of the medulla connects the _________ to the __________.

A
  • cerebellum

- spinal cord

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7
Q

The medulla has nuclei for what CN?

What else does it have nuclei for?

A
  • CN8-12

- also has nuclei for vital venters and reticular formation

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8
Q

On the anterior side of the medulla we have paired what?

A

pyramids

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9
Q

The pyramids of the medulla contain what tracts?

A

corticospinal- controls movement of torso and extremities

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10
Q

__% of the corticospinal tracts from the cerebrum cross at the decussation and form the _______ corticospinal tract.

A
  • 90%

- lateral

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11
Q

__% of the corticospinal tracts do not cross at the decussation and form the _______ corticospinal tracts. These are our ______ muscles.

A
  • 10%
  • medial
  • axial
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12
Q

CN_-_ emerge from the spinal cord in the region of the medulla.

A

CN6-CN12

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13
Q

What is the function of the inferior olivary nuclei?

A

cerebellar relay center for perception of time

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14
Q

On the posterior side of the medulla we have the paired fasciculus _________ and ________. What are their functions?

A
  • fasciculus cuneatus- carries somatosensory info from trunk and UE
  • fasciculus gracilis- carries somatosensory info from LE
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15
Q

There is also an open part on the posterior side of the medulla that is associated with what ventricle?

A

4th ventricle

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16
Q

What is located at the floor of the fourth ventricle leading to an opening of the central canal?

A

area postrema

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17
Q

What is the area postrema associated with?

A

vomit center

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18
Q

The medulla has both gray and white matter. The caudal half of the medulla is considered the _______ medulla, this is where we find the ___________.

A
  • closed

- central canal

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19
Q

List the fiber tracts located at the level of pyramidal decussation (closed medulla) and their function. SLIDE 12

A
  • corticospinal
  • decussation of pyramids
  • fasciculus gracilis
  • fasciculus cuneatus
  • spinothalamic
  • anterior spiinocerebellar
  • posterior spinocerebellar
  • CN5 spinal trigeminal tract
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20
Q

Function of the corticospinal tracts?

A

efferent voluntary from cortex to muscles of trunk and extremities

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21
Q

Function of decussation of pyramids?

A

crossing point of 90% of corticospinal tracts

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22
Q

Function of fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts?

A
  • fasciculus gracilis- sensory touch and proprioception from legs
  • fasciculus cuneatus- sensory touch and proprioception from arms and trunk
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23
Q

Function of spinothalamic tracts?

A

sensory pain and temperature from trunk and extremities

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24
Q

Function of anterior spinocerebellar tracts?

A

sensory from thoracolumbar ventral horn to cerebellum

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25
Q

Function of the posterior spinocerebellar tracts?

A

sensory from legs to cerebellum

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26
Q

Function of the CN5 spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus?

A

sensory pain and temperature from face

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27
Q

What is the function of the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus?

A

relay centers for the tracts

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28
Q

List the fiber tracts located at the level of the medial lemniscus decussation (closed medulla). SLIDE 12

A
  • decussation of medial lemniscus
  • pyramids
  • CN5 spinal trigeminal tract
  • anterior spinocerebellar
  • posterior spinocerebellar
  • spinothalamic
  • medial longitudinal fasciculus
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29
Q

What happens at the decussation of the medial lemniscus?

A

crossover point for ascending fibers for proprioception and tactile sensation from the nuclei gracilis and cuneatus ie. dorsal column tracts

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30
Q

What is the function of the medial longitudinal fasciculus?

A

balance coordinator

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31
Q

List the nuclei located at the level of the medial lemniscus decussation (closed medulla).

A
  • nucleus gracilis
  • nucleus cuneatus
  • accessory cuneate nucleus
  • CN5 spinal trigeminal nucleus
  • reticular formation
  • inferior olivary nuclei
  • nuclei ambiguous
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32
Q

The nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus act as ______ points for touch, pressure, proprioception from legs, arms, and trunk.

A

-relay

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33
Q

The accessory cuneate nucleus is helping to relay information about the _____ to the cerebellum. It forms what tract?

A
  • arms and trunk

- cuneocerebellar tract

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34
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A
  • modulates sensory signaling to cortex
  • filters sensory information
  • helps with consciousness, sleep/wake
  • emotions
  • modulates motor signaling
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35
Q

What is the function of the nucleus ambiguous?

A

CN9 and CN10 motor for swallowing, going to pharyngeal muscles

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36
Q

The open medulla is where the central canal is replaced with the ___________.

A

4th ventricle

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37
Q

Neurons found in the basal plate are _____.

Are the basal plate neurons found lateral or medial at the open medulla?

A
  • motor

- medial

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38
Q

What are the nuclei at the basal plate from medial to lateral?

A
  • hypoglossal nuclei (CN12)
  • nuclei ambiguous (CN9 and 10)
  • dorsal motor nuclei (CN10)
  • sulcus limitans
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39
Q

The hypoglossal nuclei is CN__ and contains _________ to skeletal muscle of the _______.

A
  • 12
  • somatomotor
  • tongue
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40
Q

The nuclei ambiguous is CN_ and _ and contains ____________.

A
  • 9 and 10

- special visceral

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41
Q

The dorsal motor nuclei is CN_ and contains ____________.

A
  • 10

- parasympathetic

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42
Q

What does the sulcus limitans do?

A

Seperates the medial cranial nerve MOTOR nuclei from the lateral SENSORY nuclei

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43
Q

Neurons found in the alar plate are _________.

Are the alar plate neurons found lateral or medial at the open medulla?

A
  • sensory

- lateral

44
Q

What are the nuclei at the alar plate from the sulcus limitans laterally?

A
  • sulcus limitans
  • solitary nucleus (CN7,9,10)
  • spinal nuclei (CN5)
  • vestibular nuclei (CN8)
  • cochlear nuclei (CN8)
45
Q

What does the sulcus limitans do?

A

Seperates the medial cranial nerve MOTOR nuclei from the lateral SENSORY nuclei

46
Q
  • The solitary nucleus contains ___________ from CN9 and 10 for __________ and ___________ input.
  • The solitary nucleus also contains ____________ for _____ from CN7,9, and 10.
A
  • viscerosensory
  • cardiovascular and respiratory (GVA)
  • special sensory (SVA)
  • taste
47
Q

The spinal nuclei of CN_ contains _________ of the head.

A
  • CN5

- somatosensory (pain and temp)

48
Q

The vestibular nuclei of CN_ contains _____________ for _________.

A
  • CN8
  • special sensory
  • balance
49
Q

The cochlear nuclei of CN_ contains _______________ for _________.

A
  • CN8
  • special sensory
  • auditory
50
Q

What are other fiber tracts located at the open medulla.

A
  • inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • medial longitudinal fasciculus with tectospinal tract
  • medial lemniscus
  • spinothalamic tract
  • pyramids
51
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle carries ________ to the cerebellum from _________ and ____________.

A
  • sensory

- spinal cord and medulla

52
Q

The medial longitudinal fasciculus with the tectospinal tract coordinate movement of the ______ and _____ with vestibular input for overall _______/_________.

A
  • eyes and body

- balance/equilibrium

53
Q

The last 2 nuclei found in the open medulla are the _____________ and reticular formation.

A

inferior olivary nuclei

54
Q

PONS=PART OF METENCEPHALON

A

PONS=PART OF METENCEPHALON

55
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pons and their location?

A

Basilir pons=ventral surface

Pontine tegmentum=dorsal surface and floor of 4th ventricle

56
Q

The pons is part of the _________ so it contains ____ nuclei and ascending and descending fiber tracts linking ________ to ___________ and spinal cord.

A
  • brain stem
  • cranial nerve
  • upper brain to medulla
57
Q

What are the fibers found at the basilir pons?

A
  • transverse pontine

- corticospinal and corticobulbar

58
Q

The transverse pontine relay _________ signals to the ____________ via ________ _________ peduncle.

A
  • sensory
  • cerebellum
  • middle cerebellar
59
Q

The corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts run ______________ through the basilir pons

A

longitudinally

60
Q

The only nuclei found in the basilir pons is what?

A

deep pontine nuclei

61
Q

What are the fiber tracts of the tegmental pons?

A
  • facial colliculus
  • superior cerebellar peduncle
  • middle cerebellar peduncle
  • inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • medial lemniscus
  • medial longitudinal fasciculus
  • spinothalamic
  • trigeminothalamic
  • lateral lemniscus
  • rubrospinal tract
  • tectospinal tract
  • CN5 spinal nucleus tract
  • descending limbic and hypothalmic fibers
62
Q

The facial colliculus contains ________ fibers

A

facial nerve CN7

63
Q

The superior cerebellar peduncle carries ________ from the cerebellum to the brain stem and cerebral cortex.

A

-motor (efferent)

64
Q

The middle cerebellar peduncle carries _________ from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.

A

sensory (afferent)

65
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle carries _________ from the medulla and spinal cord to the cerebellum.

A

sensory (afferent)

66
Q

The trigeminothalamic carries ________ from the head to the cortex

A

somatosensory (afferent)

67
Q

The lateral lemniscus is the ________ relay circuit to the ________ colliculus for __________ reflex movement of the head.

A
  • auditory
  • inferior
  • auditory
68
Q

The descending limbic and hypothalalmic fibers go to _______________________ in the medulla and spinal cord.

A

autonomic control centers

69
Q

What nuclei are located at the caudal pons?

A
  • facial nucleus CN7
  • abducens nucleus CN6
  • spinal trigeminal nuc. CN5
  • superior olivary nuc.
  • trapeziod body
  • medial and inferior vestibular nuc.
  • superior salivatory nuc.
70
Q

What does the facial nucleus of CN7 control?

A

muscles of facial expression

71
Q

What does the abducens nucleus of CN6 control?

A

eye muscles (lateral rectus)

72
Q

What does the superior olivary nuclei do?

A

relay in auditory pathway

73
Q

What does the trapezoid body of the pons do?

A

relay in auditory pathway

74
Q

What nerve are the medial and inferior vestibular nuclei associated with?

A

CN8

75
Q

What does the superior salivary nuclei do?

A

part of CN7 to lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands

76
Q

What nuclei are located at the rostral pons?

A
  • main sensory nucleus of CN5
  • motor nucleus of CN5
  • mesencephalic nuc. of CN5
  • superior and lateral vestibular nuc.
  • locus coeruleus
  • raphe nuc.
77
Q

What is the main sensory nucleus of CN5 a continuation of?

A

spinal trigeminal nuc. of CN5

78
Q

What muscles does the motor nucleus of CN5 supply?

A

muscles of mastication

79
Q

What is the function of the mesencephalic nuc. of CN5?

A

proprioception of jaw

80
Q

The locus coeruleus and raphe nuc. both form part of what?

A

reticular formation

  • locus ceruleus= norepinephrine
  • raphe nuc=serotonin
81
Q

MESENCEPHALON=MIDBRAIN

A

MESENCEPHALON=MIDBRAIN

82
Q

What are the 3 layers of the midbrain?

A
  • tectum (dorsal layer)
  • tegmentum (intermediate layer)
  • crus cerebri (ventral layer)
83
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the tectum?

A
  • superior colliculi
  • inferior colliculi
  • corpora quadrigemina
84
Q

The tegmentum is a continuation of the ________________.

A

pontine tegmentum

85
Q

The cerebral peduncles are a combination of the ______ and _________.

A

crus and tegmentum

86
Q

What does the cerebral aqueduct do?

A

connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

87
Q

The _______________ is located rostral by CN3 and coordinates eye movements.

A

posterior commisure

88
Q

levels of inferior colliculus=caudal

A
  • decussation superior cerebellar peduncle
  • medial longitudinal fasciculus
  • lateral lemniscus
  • medial lemniscus
  • trigeminothalamic
  • spinothalamic
89
Q

The lateral lemniscus, trigeminothalamic, and spinothalamic all run together in the ______________

A

medial lemniscus

90
Q

levels of superior colliculus=rostral

A
  • medial longitudinal fasciculus
  • medial lemniscus
  • trigeminothalamic
  • spinothalamic
91
Q

The crus cerebri is descending axons from the cerebrum forming the _________ or _________ tracts.

A

corticospinal, corticobulbar

92
Q

The most lateral segment of the crus cerebri contains _________, _______ and ________ cortex to pontine nuclei/cerebellum.

A

parietal, temporal, occipital

93
Q

The most medial segment of the crus cerebri contains ________ lobe to the pontine nuclei/cerebellum

A

frontal

94
Q

The corticospinal tract is located ______ of the lateral segment

A

medially

95
Q

The corticobulbar tract is located ________ of the median segment

A

laterally

96
Q

What are the 3 parts of the tectum?

A
  • inferior colliculi
  • superior colliculi
  • pretectal region
97
Q

The inferior colliculi is your _______ reflex. It has afferent input from the _______, _______ olivary, _______ nuclei via lateral lemniscus. It has efferent output to _______ via brachium of ___________.

A
  • auditory
  • cochlear, superior olivary, trapezoid
  • thalamus, inferior colliculus
98
Q

The superior colliculi is your _______ reflex. It has afferent input from the _______. It has efferent output to the _______ spine via _________ for head turning and tracking.

A
  • visual
  • retina
  • cervical, tectospinal
99
Q

The tegmentum at the level of the inferior colliculus contains what parts?

A
  • substantia nigra
  • periaquiductal gray (PAG)
  • trochlear nerve nuclei CN6
  • reticular formation
100
Q

The substantia nigra is part of the _________ for ______ function.

A
  • basal ganglia

- motor

101
Q

The periaquiductal gray (PAG) is for what functions?

A
  • autonomic regulation
  • emotion
  • modulation of pain
102
Q

The trochlear nerve nuclei CN6 functions to do what?

A

eye movement superior oblique m. (down and medial)

103
Q

The reticular formation includes the raphe nuclei and does what?

A
  • modulates sensory signaling to cortex
  • filters sensory information
  • helps with consciousness, sleep/wake
  • emotions
  • modulates motor signaling
104
Q

The tegmentum at the level of the superior colliculus contains what parts?

A
  • occulomotor nuc. CN3
  • red nucleus
  • ventral tegmental area
105
Q

What are the functions of the occulomotor nuc. CN3?

A
  • somatomotor for eye muscles

- autonomic motor (iris constriction, ciliary muscle for accomodation)

106
Q

What is the function of the red nucleus?

A

motor modulation flexor muscles via rubrospinal tract

107
Q

The ventral tegmental area is part of the __________ motor modulators.

A

basal ganglia

Neuroanatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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