Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroanatomy and Physiology > Lecture 8- Tests and Measures > Flashcards

Lecture 8- Tests and Measures Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognition?

A
  • The process that enables us to think

- Includes the ability to pay attention, remember, and learn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 5 main subcategories of our cognitive function?

A
  • Consciousness
  • Orientation
  • Attention/Concentration
  • Memory
  • Executive Function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is cognition the first thing we test for?

A

Cognition affects all the rest of our exams we perform.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 5 levels of consciousness and how they present?

A
  • Full consciousness
  • Lethargy- general slowing of cognitive and motor function
  • Obtundation- dulled or blunted sensitivity, difficult to arouse
  • Stupor- state of semi-consciousness, only arouses with intense stimulation
  • Coma- unconsciousness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Does physical therapy play a role in every stage of consciousness?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When we have a disorder of consciousness, what goes wrong?

A

Interuption of the ascending reticular activating systems which functions to arouse and awake the brain and control sleep/wake cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What part of the brain is important in maintaining consciousness?

A

reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the scale used to measure level of consciousness?

A

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 areas of consciousness Glasgow Coma Scale measures?

A
  • eye opening
  • motor response
  • verbal response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the grading scale of the Glasgow Coma Scale?

A
  • <8 = severe
  • 9-12 = moderate
  • 13-15 = mild
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When testing for orientation, what are the 4 main questions that are asked?

A
  • Person (name, age, birthplace)
  • Place (where are you, what is the name of this place)
  • Time (what day, month, year, season)
  • Situation (what happened, why are you here)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Can you give the patient credit if you give them ques for the 4 subcategories of orientation?

A

No, but note it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is attention and concentration?

A

The capacity of our brain to process info from the environment and appropriately direct thoughts and actions towards a stimuli or circumstance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 4 types of attention?

A
  • Sustained
  • Selective
  • Divided
  • Alternating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is sustained attention?

What is the test used to assess this?

A
  • focused attention over a duration of time

- Cancellation Test (page with a bunch of objects and ask patient to circle all birds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is selective attention?

What is the test used to assess this?

A
  • ability to process relevant sensory info about the task while screening out irrelevant info
  • Stroop Test (say the color of the word and not the word itself)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is divided attention?

What is the test used to assess this?

A
  • ability to perform 2 tasks simultaneously

- Walkie-Talkie Test (can you walk and talk without either degenerating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is alternating attention?

A

-attention flexibility (shift back and forth between tasks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is memory?

A

the capacity to store knowledge, experiences, and perceptions for recall and recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 2 categories of memory?

A
  • declarative (explicit)

- non-declarative (procedural, implicit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

conscious recollection of facts and events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is non-declarative memory?

A

recall of movements/ movement schema without conscious recollections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 types of memory in regards to time and their time frame?

A
  • Immediate Recall (seconds to minutes)
  • Short-Term Memory (minutes to hours/days)
  • Long-Term Memory (months to years)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Immediate, Short, and Long term memory can be both ________ or ____________________.

A

declarative, non-declarative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is executive function?

A

capacity to engage successfully in independent, purposeful, self-directed behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 5 sub-categories of executive function?

A
  • Volition/Planning
  • Problem solving/reasoning
  • Insight/Awareness
  • Social Pragmatics
  • Self-Regulation/Purposeful Action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is volition/planning?

A

goal planning and task initiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is problem solving/reasoning?

A

abstract thinking, flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is insight/awareness?

A

poor judgement, appropriate behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is social pragmatics?

A

inappropriate behavior

31
Q

What is self-regulation/purposeful action?

A

initiate, maintain, switch, and stop tasks

32
Q

SENSATION AN PERCEPTION

A

SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

33
Q

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

A
  • sensation- raw data (tactile, auditory, visual)

- perception- interpretation of data

34
Q

For sensation, we need adequate _______ and selective __________. We need an adequate stimulus level to activate sensory receptors.

A

-arousal, attention

35
Q

Perception is the capacity to transform ________ information and use it to interact appropriately to the environment.

A

sensory (touch, hearing, vision, smell, taste)

36
Q

Perception is a selective, integrative, dynamic process involving both ________ and ________.

A
  • problem solving

- memory

37
Q

What are the 9 somatosensation exam components of a neuro exam?

A
  • Light touch
  • Tactile location (discriminatory touch)
  • Pain
  • Bilateral touch (sensory extinction)
  • Proprioception
  • Kinesthesia
  • Stereognosis
  • Two-point discrimination
  • Vibration
38
Q

What are the 4 main components of a perceptual exam?

A
  • Body scheme and Body Image Impairments
  • Spatial Relationships
  • Agnosias
  • Apraxia
39
Q

Perceptual deficits in general tend to be associated with ________ injuries and tend to be more common with injury to our ______ side.

A
  • parietal

- right

40
Q

What is body image?

A

visual and mental image of ones body

41
Q

What is body scheme?

A
  • postural model of the body (body awareness)
  • includes relationship of body parts to each other and their relationship of the body to the environment (body awareness)
42
Q

One of the most common impairments related to our body scheme/image is ________.

A

unilateral neglect

43
Q

What is unilateral neglect?

A

failure to orient toward, respond to, or report stimuli on the side contralateral to the lesion despite normal sensory, motor, and visual symptoms

44
Q

Unilateral neglect mostly occurs with ___________, ___________ lesions

A

R temporoparietal junction, posterior parietal

45
Q

Why do we usually see unilateral neglect on the R side of the brain?

A
  • The right side of our brain provides perception to both visual sides while the left only provides visual perception to the right side.
  • From this, we can deduce that if we lose the left visual perception, the right can still perceive the right side.
  • If we lose the right, however, there is nothing to make up for the left side that is lost.
46
Q

What are the 2 classifications used for unilateral neglect?

A
  • Modality

- Distribution

47
Q

For modality, what are the 3 types of neglect we can see?

A
  • sensory
  • motor
  • representational
48
Q

What are the 3 senses that are effected with sensory neglect?

A
  • auditory
  • visual
  • tactile
49
Q

What is an example of sensory neglect?

A
  • patient only draws half a house

- patient cant hear family member on left side, even though hearing is fine

50
Q

What is an example of motor neglect?

A

ball thrown at someone and they only lift one arm to catch it even if they have full strength in both arms

51
Q

What is an example of representational neglect?

A

patient internally knows what a clock looks like, but draws all 12 numbers on one side of the clock

52
Q

What is the difference between personal neglect and spatial neglect?

A

Personal Neglect
-lack of exploration or awareness of contralateral side of BODY
Spatial Neglect
-failure to acknowledge stimuli of the contralateral side of space
-can be divided into peripersonal and extrapersonal spatial neglect

53
Q

What is the difference between peripersonal and extrapersonal spatial neglect?

A
  • Peripersonal- spatial neglect within reaching space

- Extrapersonal- spatial neglect in far space

54
Q

What is somatoagnosia and where is it more common?

A
  • impairment of body scheme, lack of awareness of relationship of body parts
  • lesion usually in dominant parietal lobe
55
Q

What is right-left discrimination and where is it common?

A
  • decreased R/L differentiation with body parts and with following directions
  • lesion in either parietal lobe
56
Q

What is vertical disorientation/midline disorientation?

A

Patient cannot identify when body is in the middle

57
Q

What syndrome is associated with vertical disorientation/midline disorientation?

A

Pusher Syndrome

58
Q

Pusher syndrome is a lesion in the ____ hemisphere centered in area of posterolateral ________.

A
  • right

- thalamus

59
Q

Pusher syndrome is characterized by leaning and ___________ toward hemiplegic side _________ compensation for instability and with resistance to ________ correction towards midline

A
  • active pushing
  • without
  • passive
60
Q

What is Figure Ground?

A

inability to distinguish a figure from the background in which it is embedded

61
Q

What is Spatial Relations Disorder?

Where is the lesion in this disorder?

A
  • inability to perceive relationship of one object in space to another object or to one’s self (distance between)
  • lesion in right inferior parietal lobe
62
Q

What is position in space disorder?

A
  • decreased ability to perceive and interpret spatial concepts
  • more specific to directional concepts (up, down, left, right)
63
Q

What is topographical disorientation?

A

difficulty perceiving relationships from one location to another in the environment

64
Q

What is depth and distance perception?

A
  • inaccurate judgement of direction, distance, and depth
  • different than spatial relations disorder by looking at more broad environmental cues (such as difficulty negotiating a curb and picking leg up high enough to clear stairs)
65
Q

What is agnosia?

A
  • decreased ability to recognize stimuli despite intact sensory function
  • most commonly associated with damage to temporal lobe
66
Q

What are the 3 types of agnosias?

A
  • visual
  • auditory
  • tactile
67
Q

What is an example of visual agnosia?

A

-inability to recognize familiar objects despite normal eye function

68
Q

What is an example of auditory agnosia?

A

inability to distuingish between doorbell or phone ringing

69
Q

What is an example of tactile agnosia?

A

inability to recognize objects when handling them

70
Q

What is anosognosia?

A
  • severe condition
  • denial or lack of awareness of presence or severity of one’s deficits
  • may deny ownership of limbs
  • significantly limits rehab potential

-can spontaneously resolve in first 2-3 months

71
Q

What is apraxia?

Where is the lesion?

A
  • impairment of voluntary, skilled, well-learned movement

- left frontal or parietal lobes

72
Q

What are the two types of apraxia?

A
  • ideomotor

- ideational

73
Q

What is ideomotor apraxia?

A
  • breakdown between concept (idea) and performance (motor execution)
  • lose the ability to carry out tasks on command (can do it on own though)
  • more common with multiple step commands
74
Q

What is ideational apraxia?

A
  • failure in the conceptualization of the task
  • cant do task on command or own their own
  • have no idea what to do with objects

Neuroanatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions