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Neuroanatomy and Physiology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A
  • Frontal Lobe
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Occipital Lobe
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2
Q

What are the function of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Cognitive functions
  • Movement control
  • Broca’s Area (language/speech)
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3
Q

Broca’s Area is an important region for ________ production, more specifically it is in charge of the _____ aspect of talking.

A
  • language

- motor

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4
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Major sensory center
  • Temperature, taste, touch, and movement
  • Wernicke’s Area (language/speech)
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5
Q

Wernicke’s Area is responsible for the ________ of speech. What does this mean?

A
  • comprehension

- being able to form words that make sense as well as understanding what someone else is saying

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6
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Memory center
  • Auditory center
  • Taste, sound, sight, and touch
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7
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

-Primary visual center

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8
Q

What is the cortical homunculus?

A

visual representation of what areas of our body and their association to our brain areas

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9
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

All 4 of the lobes of the brain

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10
Q

What are the 3 major arteries that supply our cerebrum?

A
  • Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
  • Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
  • Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)
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11
Q

Our deep branches of the MCA perfuse parts of the ___________ and the ___________.

A
  • internal capsule

- basal ganglia

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12
Q

Our deep branches of the PCA perfuse the ____________.

A

thalamus

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13
Q

The thalamus is an important ____ structure that recieves and sends out info regarding _______ information. It is also a _____ center

A
  • relay
  • sensory
  • pain
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14
Q

Our anterior cerebral artery (ACA) comes from our ___________ artery. It passes through our ___________ fissure. It then sweeps back posterior over the ____________.

A
  • internal carotid
  • interhemispheric
  • corpus callosum
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15
Q

The ACA supplies the ______ and _______ surfaces of our brain.

A

anterior and medial

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16
Q

What regions does the ACA perfuse?

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • corpus callosum
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17
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

interconnects the two hemispheres

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18
Q

What are the 3 (sometimes 4) main questions that are asked when doing a cognitive screen?

A
  • name?
  • do you know where you are?
  • date?
  • 4th is a situatonal question (why are you here?)
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19
Q

CASE 1 - ACA

A

CASE 1 - ACA

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20
Q

What is one of the primary symptoms seen with anterior cerebral artery infarctions?

What is the word used to describe mild weakness after a neurological event?
What word is used to describe profound severe weakness, or even loss of function altogether?

A

-Weakness, but is much more evident in legs than arm

  • hemiparesis
  • hemiplegia
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21
Q

What is the reason ACA infarction causes more weakness in the legs?

A

The ACA travels down the middle of the brain, and this is where our lower extremities are located on the homunculus.

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22
Q

What is apraxia?

A

neurological disorder characterized by the patient having an inability to perform previous learned tasks on command
(example is asking a patient what they’re supposed to do with a hairbrush)

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23
Q

What area is thought to be involved in apraxia?

A

Supplemental motor area (SMA)

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24
Q

Problems with bimanual tasks due to ACA syndrome comes from what structure?

A

corpus callosum

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25
Cognitive dysfunctions comes from what structure in ACA syndrome?
pre-frontal cortex/frontal cortex
26
What is aphasia?
loss of ability to produce or understand speech
27
Transcortical aphasia due to ACA syndrome stems from the __________ hemishpere of the SMA. Why does transcortical aphasia happen with the ACA?
- dominant - although the ACA doesn't supply Broca's Area, it does supply the supplementary motor area which is where Broca's Area sends information to.
28
What is something that occurs with babies, but may also present itself in ACA syndrome?
- contralateral grasp reflex | - sucking reflex
29
What is alien hand syndrome and what structure is involved?
- patient limbs can act on their own | - SMA (supplemental motor area)
30
ACA syndrome patients will often have urinary incontinence due to what structure?
posteromedial aspect of superior frontal gyrus
31
What are the treatment strategies with ACA syndrome?
- key to structure environment to minimize eternal distractions - closed chain "big muscle" exercises - bimanual activities are great to tackle any UE deficits - function-based training - WALK WALK WALK!
32
CASE 2 - MCA
CASE 2 - MCA
33
About _/_ of infarctions occur in the middle cerebral artery (MCA)?
2/3
34
The MCA travals up the sylvian fissure and splits into ________ and ________ branches.
superior and inferior
35
The superior branch of the MCA supplies the lateral and inferior ________ lobe as well as the anterior and lateral _________ lobe.
- frontal | - parietal
36
The inferior branch of the MCA supplies the lateral ________ lobe and lateral _________ lobe.
- temporal | - occipital
37
What is one of the primary weaknesses seen with middle cerebral artery (MCA) syndrome? What is another big component to an MCA stroke?
- weakness, much more evident in UE and face than at the LE | - high prevalence to language disorder
38
What is global aphasia?
Patient will have both motor (Broca) and comprehensive (Wernicke) speech impairements.
39
Language centers are located on the ________ side of our brain.
dominant
40
MCA syndrome patient will often have perceptual deficits (unilateral neglect, depth perceptions, spatial relations) which is related to the ___________ hemisphere. What area is associated with this symptom of MCA syndrome?
- non-dominant | - parietal sensory association cortex
41
What is unilateral neglect?
disabling condition in which patients fail to be aware of items to one side
42
Patients with MCA syndrome can present with apraxia just like those with ACA syndrome. What is this?
inability to perform previously learned tasks
43
Apraxia often goes hand in hand with what?
Aphasia
44
Since the MCA helps supply the occipital lobe, MCA syndrome patients can present with _______ deficits.
visual
45
Loss of conjugate gaze to ______ side can occur in MCA syndrome patients.
opposite
46
What is pure motor hemiplegia? | What structure is involved?
- Specific kind of MCA stroke where the patient will only have motor loss and nothing else. - Internal capsule
47
The MCA has small perforating arteries that branch off and supply deep structures within the cerebrum called what?
Lenticulostriate arteries
48
The lenticulostriate arteries supply what structures?
- basal ganglia | - internal capsule
49
Basal ganglia is important for movement __________.
initiation
50
Internal capsule is a highway from our primary motor area to the brain stem and is important for carrying infomation for _________.
movement
51
What is a lenticulostriate artery blockage called?
lacunar infarct
52
Are lenticulostriate arteries susceptible to rupture? Why or why not?
Yes, tiny arteries coming off of a bigger artery. BP can rupture
53
Lenticulostriate arteries produce what is referred to as "_______ ______ _____________" when internal capsule involved
Pure Motor Hemiparesis
54
There are significant _____ control and ______ planning deficits when basal ganglia involved.
motor, motor
55
What are treatment strategies for MCA syndrome?
- incorporate speech strategies into activities - upper extremity functional strengthening - sensory reintegration is key
56
CASE 3
CASE 3
57
The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) supplies the ________ lobe and the ____________ _________ lobe
- occipital | - posteromedial temporal
58
What is contralateral homonymous hemianopsia? | What structure is involved?
- same amount of vision loss in both eyes on one side | - primary structure involved is primary visual cortex or optic radiation
59
What can happen if you have bilateral occipital strokes? | What structure is involved?
- cortical blindness | - bilateral occipital lobe
60
What is agnosia?
When a patient loses the ability to recognize familiar objects, faces, places, voices, etc.
61
Visual agnosia due to PCA syndrome affects what structure?
occipital lobe (dominant side)
62
Prosopagnosia is a type of agnosia where the patient loses the ability to recognize _______. What structure is involved?
- faces | - visual association cortex
63
PCA patients can develop dyslexia due to what structure?
dominant calcarine lesion
64
PCA patients can have memory deficits on the dominant side of what lobe?
temporal
65
On the non-dominant side, patients may have topographic disorientation which is what?
lose the ability to use external cues in the environment to find your way (using a map)
66
The PCA also supplies our ________. What is its role?
- thalamus | - important as a pain center and sensory relay station
67
Dysfunction at thalamus can result in involuntary movements such as choreoathetosis and hemiballismus, what are these?
choreoathetosis- involuntary movements from face, trunk extremities hemiballismus- big circular involuntary movements
68
What are treatment strategies for PCA syndrome?
- gradually increase visual challenges as both symptoms improve and/or patient is able to habituate to symptoms - visual deficits can significantly impact balance - remember to give your patient visual breaks - may require external aids initially to assist in improving visual deficits
69
What is locked-in syndrome?
Patient cannot move a single muscle in their body except for eyes

Neuroanatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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