The 3 functions of the thalamus are: - Filters and processes afferent input from _________,__________, and all conscious sensory except ___________. - sends efferent output to the ________________. - Functionally divided into ______, __________, and ____________ nuclei.

- BG, cerebellum, olfaction - cerebral cortex - relay, association, and nonspecific nuclei

What nucleus is involved with the reflex control for viscerosensory afferent and autonomic motor efferent? - viscerosensory afferent for BP=________ nuc - autonomic efferent for BP= parasympathetic (_______________ nuc) and sympathetic (_______________)

- paraventricular nucleus - solitary nuc - dorsal motor - ventrolateral medulla

Endocrine: - Posterior pituitary hormones ADH and oxytocin come from _________ and ____________ nuc. - Anterior pituitary hormone release is regulated by tropins from __________ nuc., __________ nuc., ____________ nuc. ________ nuc. - Rhythmic endocrine control comes from _____________ nuc.=circadian (time of year) and ___________ nuc.=diurnal (time of day)

- supraoptic, paraventricular - arcuate, ventromedial, dorsomedial, tuberal - suprachiasmatic, preoptic

What hypothalamic nucleus are associated with feeding? - What is the feeding center? - What is the satiety center?

- dorsomedial, ventromedial - feeding center stimulates eating by olfaction, taste, and amygdala - satiety center is a set point to regulate food intake

Lecture 15- Forebrain Flashcards by Chance Lee Cauble

THALAMUS

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The thalamus is a paired group of nuclei located in diencephalon form the lateral walls of the _______ ventricle; subdivided by white matter into anterior, lateral and medial group.

3rd

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The 3 functions of the thalamus are:

Filters and processes afferent input from _________,__________, and all conscious sensory except ___________.
sends efferent output to the ________________.
Functionally divided into ______, __________, and ____________ nuclei.

BG, cerebellum, olfaction
cerebral cortex
relay, association, and nonspecific nuclei

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The relay thalamic nuclei connects ___,_________, and __________ to the cerebral cortex.

BG, cerebellum, conscious sensory (except olfaction)

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What are the 2 motor nuclei of the thalamus and what 2 structures are they involved with for motor function?

VA, VL

- BG, cerebellum

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What are the 4 sensory nuclei of the thalamus and where do they take sensory information from?

VPM- somatosensory from head (pain, temp, touch), taste
VPL- somatosensory from body (pain, temp, touch)
medial geniculate- auditory
lateral geniculate- vision

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The association nuclei integrates _______, _________, and _________.

sensory, memory, emotion

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What nuclei of the thalamus are involved in declarative memory?

AN (anterior nuclei)
LD (lateral dorsal)
midline nuc.

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What nuclei of the thalamus are involved in sensory integration?

LP (lateral posterior) - somatosensory

- P (pulvinar) - integration of auditory and vision

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What nuclei of the thalamus are involved in emotion?

medial group

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The nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus regulate ___________ via what 2 main nuclei?

consciousness, arousal

- interlaminar nuc, reticular nuc

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HYPOTHALAMUS

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The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary by what?

infundibulum

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What are the 3 circumventricular organs?

hypothalamus
pineal gland
pituitary gland

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What are the 2 main functions of the hypothalamus?

visceral=unconscious=autonomic reflex

- behavior

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What nucleus is involved with the reflex control for viscerosensory afferent and autonomic motor efferent?

viscerosensory afferent for BP=________ nuc
autonomic efferent for BP= parasympathetic (_______________ nuc) and sympathetic (_______________)

paraventricular nucleus**
solitary nuc
dorsal motor
ventrolateral medulla

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Endocrine:

Posterior pituitary hormones ADH and oxytocin come from _________ and ____________ nuc.
Anterior pituitary hormone release is regulated by tropins from __________ nuc., __________ nuc., ____________ nuc. ________ nuc.
Rhythmic endocrine control comes from _____________ nuc.=circadian (time of year) and ___________ nuc.=diurnal (time of day)

supraoptic, paraventricular
arcuate, ventromedial, dorsomedial, tuberal
suprachiasmatic, preoptic

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Thermoregulation is associated with what hypothalamic nucleus?

preoptic nucleus

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Heat loss center pathway?

↑blood temp→hypothalamus thermosensory cells→cardiovascular and respiratory centers→ vasodilation/perspiration and panting

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Heat conservation center pathway?

↓blood temp→hypothalamus thermosensory cells→brainstem control centers →vasoconstriction, ↑CO, ↑metabolism, piloerection, shivering

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What nucleus is associated with drinking?

paraventricular nucleus

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What hypothalamic nucleus are associated with feeding?

What is the feeding center?
What is the satiety center?

dorsomedial, ventromedial
feeding center stimulates eating by olfaction, taste, and amygdala
satiety center is a set point to regulate food intake

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What hypothalamic nucleus is associated with sexual behavior?
DIfference between female and male hypothalamus?

preoptic nucleus

- F= estrogen and progesterone receptors, M= testosterone receptors

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What 3 hypothalamic nucleus are associated with emotional behavior?

dorsomedial, ventrolmedial, mamillary bodies

-defensive rage, quick biting, and flight behaviors

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What hypothalamic nucleus is associated with sleep?

suprachaismatic

What hypothalamic nucleus is associated with memory?

dorsomedial, ventromedial, mamillary bodies

OTHER DIENCEPHALON

What is the function of the subthalamic nuclei?

relay for BG for motor modulation

What are the 2 structures in the epithalamus?

- habenular complex | - pineal gland

What is the function of the habenular complex?

relay linking limbic system/hypothalamus to the midbrain

The pineal gland is an _______ gland whose function is not well defined but may include what functions?

-endocrine - day length (light) modulated hormone release - hormone secretion of NEpi, serotonin, melatonin as well as hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting factors

BASAL NUCLEUS

What is the overall function of the BG?

psychomotor modification

LIMBIC SYSTEM

The limbic system includes structures in what parts of the brain?

- telencephalon | - diencephalon

The overall function of the limbic system is to modulate the ________ (behavior, endocrine, aotonomic...) and _____________ (autonomic, emotion, pain modulation) to affect emotional behavior, motivation, and short term memory.

- hypothalamus | - PAG

What 7 parts make up the limbic system?

- hippocampal formation - septal area - amygdala - prefrontal cortex - cingulated gyrus - substantia innominate - insula

What are the 3 parts of the hippocampal formation?

- hippocampus - dentate gyrus - subicular cortex (parahippocampal gyrus)

What are the 3 parts of the septal area?

- lateral septal nuclei - medial septal nuclei - diagonal band of Broca

The defining property of limbic structures is that they communicate with ____________ or ____________ to modulate the activity of these structures.

- hypothalamus | - PAG

3 functions of the hippocampal formation?

- modulate aggression and rage - autonomic and endocrine = visceral - learning and memory

Learning and memory is via effects of ________ on ______ channels and gene transcription to increase synaptic strength which increases long term memory.

- glutamate | - NMDA

3 functions of the septal area?

- modulate aggression and rage - autonomic visceral - drinking

4 functions of the amygdala?

- agression, rage - feeding - cardiovascular, endocrine visceral - learning and memory

4 functions of the prefrontal cortex?

- emotional and intellectual processes - SUPPRESSES agression and rage - affects feeding - visceral functions: BP, respiration, gastric motility, thermoregulation

The cingulated gyrus functions similar to the _______________.

prefrontal cortex

2 functions of the substantia innominata?

- relay between amygdala and hypothalamus | - contains Basal Nucleus of Meynert; a cholinergic efferent to cortex and other limbic structures

What are the 4 afferent input to the limbic system?

- special senses - reticular formation monoamine neuronal projections - hypothalamus - thalamus

What are the 4 efferent output locations from the limbic system?

- thalamus - hypothalamus - cerebral cortex - PAG

RETICULAR SYSTEM

The reticular system is a diffuse set of nuclei located in core of __________, from diencephalon to spinal cord, synaptic connections with ascending and descending tracts, and CN nuclei.

brainstem

What are the functions of the reticular system?

- modulate sensory, motor, and autonomic activity - sleep/wake - consciousness - emotion - refine motor signals - pain modulation

What are the 3 afferent inputs into the reticular system?

- conscious sensation: somatosensory and specal sensory - motor - autonomic

- What tract involves discriminative pain sensation from the body/head? - What is the tracts pathway?

spinothalamic tract -discriminative pain sensation from body/head → spinothalamic tract/trigeminothalamic → reticular formation → thalamus (VPL/VPM) → cortex postcentral gyrus → localized pain response

- What second tract involves pain sensation from the body? | - What is the tracts pathway?

spinoreticular tract -nondiscriminative pain sensation from body → spinoreticular tract → reticular formation → thalamus (non discriminative) → hypothal/cortex → emotional non localized pain response

Does the reticular formation receive sensory input from special senses?

Yes

T or F | Probably all conscious sensory input is modulated by the reticular system.

True

The reticular formation receives motor input from what 2 structures? -What are both their pathways?

-motor cortex and cerebellum - sensory/motor cortex→reticular formation (PPN)→reticulospinal tracts→affect extensor motor neurons→affect posture - cerebellum: cortex→reticular→fastigial nuc. and vermal/paravermal

The reticular formation receives autonomic input from what 3 ways?

- chemo- & baro-receptors→CN 9, 10→inf. Gang. CN9,10 →solitary nuc→reticular formation→dorsal motor nuc/ventrolateral→ parasympathetic/sympathetic control blood pressure - limbic system - hypothalamus

What are the 6 efferent output locations of the reticular system?

- nonspecific thalamic nuclei - PAG (inhibit spinothalamic tract) - from monoamine and cholinergic nuc. of reticular formation to the cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system - spinal cord (reticulospinal tracts) - cerebellar cortex - horizontal gaze center

- Raphe nucleus = __________ - Locus Ceruleus = __________ - PPN = ____________ - Ventral tegmental nuc. = _____________

- serotonin - NEpi - ACh - dopamine

Autonomic functions of the reticular system?

- affect BP | - respiration

Sleep/Wake, Level Consciousness = ______

RAS

- Alpha rhythms = _______ | - Beta rhythms = __________=__________

- awake | - REM sleep=dreaming sleep

The reticular formation ___________ muscle activity for what reason?

-inhibits to prevent acting out dreams

ACh from the _____ and serotonin from the _________ result in _______

- PPN - Raphe - sleep

NEpi from ________ results in ____________

- locus ceruleus | - wakefulness