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Neuroanatomy and Physiology > Lecture 15- Forebrain > Flashcards

Lecture 15- Forebrain Flashcards

1
Q

THALAMUS

A

THALAMUS

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2
Q

The thalamus is a paired group of nuclei located in diencephalon form the lateral walls of the _______ ventricle; subdivided by white matter into anterior, lateral and medial group.

A

3rd

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3
Q

The 3 functions of the thalamus are:

  • Filters and processes afferent input from _________,__________, and all conscious sensory except ___________.
  • sends efferent output to the ________________.
  • Functionally divided into ______, __________, and ____________ nuclei.
A
  • BG, cerebellum, olfaction
  • cerebral cortex
  • relay, association, and nonspecific nuclei
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4
Q

The relay thalamic nuclei connects ___,_________, and __________ to the cerebral cortex.

A

BG, cerebellum, conscious sensory (except olfaction)

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5
Q

What are the 2 motor nuclei of the thalamus and what 2 structures are they involved with for motor function?

A
  • VA, VL

- BG, cerebellum

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6
Q

What are the 4 sensory nuclei of the thalamus and where do they take sensory information from?

A
  • VPM- somatosensory from head (pain, temp, touch), taste
  • VPL- somatosensory from body (pain, temp, touch)
  • medial geniculate- auditory
  • lateral geniculate- vision
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7
Q

The association nuclei integrates _______, _________, and _________.

A

sensory, memory, emotion

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8
Q

What nuclei of the thalamus are involved in declarative memory?

A
  • AN (anterior nuclei)
  • LD (lateral dorsal)
  • midline nuc.
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9
Q

What nuclei of the thalamus are involved in sensory integration?

A
  • LP (lateral posterior) - somatosensory

- P (pulvinar) - integration of auditory and vision

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10
Q

What nuclei of the thalamus are involved in emotion?

A

medial group

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11
Q

The nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus regulate ___________ via what 2 main nuclei?

A
  • consciousness, arousal

- interlaminar nuc, reticular nuc

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12
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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13
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary by what?

A

infundibulum

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14
Q

What are the 3 circumventricular organs?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pineal gland
  • pituitary gland
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15
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • visceral=unconscious=autonomic reflex

- behavior

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16
Q

What nucleus is involved with the reflex control for viscerosensory afferent and autonomic motor efferent?

  • viscerosensory afferent for BP=________ nuc
  • autonomic efferent for BP= parasympathetic (_______________ nuc) and sympathetic (_______________)
A
  • paraventricular nucleus**
  • solitary nuc
  • dorsal motor
  • ventrolateral medulla
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17
Q

Endocrine:

  • Posterior pituitary hormones ADH and oxytocin come from _________ and ____________ nuc.
  • Anterior pituitary hormone release is regulated by tropins from __________ nuc., __________ nuc., ____________ nuc. ________ nuc.
  • Rhythmic endocrine control comes from _____________ nuc.=circadian (time of year) and ___________ nuc.=diurnal (time of day)
A
  • supraoptic, paraventricular
  • arcuate, ventromedial, dorsomedial, tuberal
  • suprachiasmatic, preoptic
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18
Q

Thermoregulation is associated with what hypothalamic nucleus?

A

preoptic nucleus

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19
Q

Heat loss center pathway?

A

↑blood temp→hypothalamus thermosensory cells→cardiovascular and respiratory centers→ vasodilation/perspiration and panting

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20
Q

Heat conservation center pathway?

A

↓blood temp→hypothalamus thermosensory cells→brainstem control centers →vasoconstriction, ↑CO, ↑metabolism, piloerection, shivering

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21
Q

What nucleus is associated with drinking?

A

paraventricular nucleus

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22
Q

What hypothalamic nucleus are associated with feeding?

  • What is the feeding center?
  • What is the satiety center?
A
  • dorsomedial, ventromedial
  • feeding center stimulates eating by olfaction, taste, and amygdala
  • satiety center is a set point to regulate food intake
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23
Q
  • What hypothalamic nucleus is associated with sexual behavior?
  • DIfference between female and male hypothalamus?
A
  • preoptic nucleus

- F= estrogen and progesterone receptors, M= testosterone receptors

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24
Q

What 3 hypothalamic nucleus are associated with emotional behavior?

A

dorsomedial, ventrolmedial, mamillary bodies

-defensive rage, quick biting, and flight behaviors

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25
Q

What hypothalamic nucleus is associated with sleep?

A

suprachaismatic

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26
Q

What hypothalamic nucleus is associated with memory?

A

dorsomedial, ventromedial, mamillary bodies

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27
Q

OTHER DIENCEPHALON

A

OTHER DIENCEPHALON

28
Q

What is the function of the subthalamic nuclei?

A

relay for BG for motor modulation

29
Q

What are the 2 structures in the epithalamus?

A
  • habenular complex

- pineal gland

30
Q

What is the function of the habenular complex?

A

relay linking limbic system/hypothalamus to the midbrain

31
Q

The pineal gland is an _______ gland whose function is not well defined but may include what functions?

A

-endocrine

  • day length (light) modulated hormone release
  • hormone secretion of NEpi, serotonin, melatonin as well as hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting factors
32
Q

BASAL NUCLEUS

A

BASAL NUCLEUS

33
Q

What is the overall function of the BG?

A

psychomotor modification

34
Q

LIMBIC SYSTEM

A

LIMBIC SYSTEM

35
Q

The limbic system includes structures in what parts of the brain?

A
  • telencephalon

- diencephalon

36
Q

The overall function of the limbic system is to modulate the ________ (behavior, endocrine, aotonomic…) and _____________ (autonomic, emotion, pain modulation) to affect emotional behavior, motivation, and short term memory.

A
  • hypothalamus

- PAG

37
Q

What 7 parts make up the limbic system?

A
  • hippocampal formation
  • septal area
  • amygdala
  • prefrontal cortex
  • cingulated gyrus
  • substantia innominate
  • insula
38
Q

What are the 3 parts of the hippocampal formation?

A
  • hippocampus
  • dentate gyrus
  • subicular cortex (parahippocampal gyrus)
39
Q

What are the 3 parts of the septal area?

A
  • lateral septal nuclei
  • medial septal nuclei
  • diagonal band of Broca
40
Q

The defining property of limbic structures is that they communicate with ____________ or ____________ to modulate the activity of these structures.

A
  • hypothalamus

- PAG

41
Q

3 functions of the hippocampal formation?

A
  • modulate aggression and rage
  • autonomic and endocrine = visceral
  • learning and memory
42
Q

Learning and memory is via effects of ________ on ______ channels and gene transcription to increase synaptic strength which increases long term memory.

A
  • glutamate

- NMDA

43
Q

3 functions of the septal area?

A
  • modulate aggression and rage
  • autonomic visceral
  • drinking
44
Q

4 functions of the amygdala?

A
  • agression, rage
  • feeding
  • cardiovascular, endocrine visceral
  • learning and memory
45
Q

4 functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • emotional and intellectual processes
  • SUPPRESSES agression and rage
  • affects feeding
  • visceral functions: BP, respiration, gastric motility, thermoregulation
46
Q

The cingulated gyrus functions similar to the _______________.

A

prefrontal cortex

47
Q

2 functions of the substantia innominata?

A
  • relay between amygdala and hypothalamus

- contains Basal Nucleus of Meynert; a cholinergic efferent to cortex and other limbic structures

48
Q

What are the 4 afferent input to the limbic system?

A
  • special senses
  • reticular formation monoamine neuronal projections
  • hypothalamus
  • thalamus
49
Q

What are the 4 efferent output locations from the limbic system?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • cerebral cortex
  • PAG
50
Q

RETICULAR SYSTEM

A

RETICULAR SYSTEM

51
Q

The reticular system is a diffuse set of nuclei located in core of __________, from diencephalon to spinal cord, synaptic connections with ascending and descending tracts, and CN nuclei.

A

brainstem

52
Q

What are the functions of the reticular system?

A
  • modulate sensory, motor, and autonomic activity
  • sleep/wake
  • consciousness
  • emotion
  • refine motor signals
  • pain modulation
53
Q

What are the 3 afferent inputs into the reticular system?

A
  • conscious sensation: somatosensory and specal sensory
  • motor
  • autonomic
54
Q
  • What tract involves discriminative pain sensation from the body/head?
  • What is the tracts pathway?
A

spinothalamic tract

-discriminative pain sensation from body/head → spinothalamic tract/trigeminothalamic → reticular formation → thalamus (VPL/VPM) → cortex postcentral gyrus → localized pain response

55
Q
  • What second tract involves pain sensation from the body?

- What is the tracts pathway?

A

spinoreticular tract

-nondiscriminative pain sensation from body → spinoreticular tract → reticular formation → thalamus (non discriminative) → hypothal/cortex → emotional non localized pain response

56
Q

Does the reticular formation receive sensory input from special senses?

A

Yes

57
Q

T or F

Probably all conscious sensory input is modulated by the reticular system.

A

True

58
Q

The reticular formation receives motor input from what 2 structures?
-What are both their pathways?

A

-motor cortex and cerebellum

  • sensory/motor cortex→reticular formation (PPN)→reticulospinal tracts→affect extensor motor neurons→affect posture
  • cerebellum: cortex→reticular→fastigial nuc. and vermal/paravermal
59
Q

The reticular formation receives autonomic input from what 3 ways?

A
  • chemo- & baro-receptors→CN 9, 10→inf. Gang. CN9,10 →solitary nuc→reticular formation→dorsal motor nuc/ventrolateral→ parasympathetic/sympathetic control blood pressure
  • limbic system
  • hypothalamus
60
Q

What are the 6 efferent output locations of the reticular system?

A
  • nonspecific thalamic nuclei
  • PAG (inhibit spinothalamic tract)
  • from monoamine and cholinergic nuc. of reticular formation to the cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system
  • spinal cord (reticulospinal tracts)
  • cerebellar cortex
  • horizontal gaze center
61
Q
  • Raphe nucleus = __________
  • Locus Ceruleus = __________
  • PPN = ____________
  • Ventral tegmental nuc. = _____________
A
  • serotonin
  • NEpi
  • ACh
  • dopamine
62
Q

Autonomic functions of the reticular system?

A
  • affect BP

- respiration

63
Q

Sleep/Wake, Level Consciousness = ______

A

RAS

64
Q
  • Alpha rhythms = _______

- Beta rhythms = __________=__________

A
  • awake

- REM sleep=dreaming sleep

65
Q

The reticular formation ___________ muscle activity for what reason?

A

-inhibits to prevent acting out dreams

66
Q

ACh from the _____ and serotonin from the _________ result in _______

A
  • PPN
  • Raphe
  • sleep
67
Q

NEpi from ________ results in ____________

A
  • locus ceruleus

- wakefulness

Neuroanatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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