Lecture 15- Forebrain Flashcards
THALAMUS
THALAMUS
The thalamus is a paired group of nuclei located in diencephalon form the lateral walls of the _______ ventricle; subdivided by white matter into anterior, lateral and medial group.
3rd
The 3 functions of the thalamus are:
- Filters and processes afferent input from _________,__________, and all conscious sensory except ___________.
- sends efferent output to the ________________.
- Functionally divided into ______, __________, and ____________ nuclei.
- BG, cerebellum, olfaction
- cerebral cortex
- relay, association, and nonspecific nuclei
The relay thalamic nuclei connects ___,_________, and __________ to the cerebral cortex.
BG, cerebellum, conscious sensory (except olfaction)
What are the 2 motor nuclei of the thalamus and what 2 structures are they involved with for motor function?
- VA, VL
- BG, cerebellum
What are the 4 sensory nuclei of the thalamus and where do they take sensory information from?
- VPM- somatosensory from head (pain, temp, touch), taste
- VPL- somatosensory from body (pain, temp, touch)
- medial geniculate- auditory
- lateral geniculate- vision
The association nuclei integrates _______, _________, and _________.
sensory, memory, emotion
What nuclei of the thalamus are involved in declarative memory?
- AN (anterior nuclei)
- LD (lateral dorsal)
- midline nuc.
What nuclei of the thalamus are involved in sensory integration?
- LP (lateral posterior) - somatosensory
- P (pulvinar) - integration of auditory and vision
What nuclei of the thalamus are involved in emotion?
medial group
The nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus regulate ___________ via what 2 main nuclei?
- consciousness, arousal
- interlaminar nuc, reticular nuc
HYPOTHALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary by what?
infundibulum
What are the 3 circumventricular organs?
- hypothalamus
- pineal gland
- pituitary gland
What are the 2 main functions of the hypothalamus?
- visceral=unconscious=autonomic reflex
- behavior
What nucleus is involved with the reflex control for viscerosensory afferent and autonomic motor efferent?
- viscerosensory afferent for BP=________ nuc
- autonomic efferent for BP= parasympathetic (_______________ nuc) and sympathetic (_______________)
- paraventricular nucleus**
- solitary nuc
- dorsal motor
- ventrolateral medulla
Endocrine:
- Posterior pituitary hormones ADH and oxytocin come from _________ and ____________ nuc.
- Anterior pituitary hormone release is regulated by tropins from __________ nuc., __________ nuc., ____________ nuc. ________ nuc.
- Rhythmic endocrine control comes from _____________ nuc.=circadian (time of year) and ___________ nuc.=diurnal (time of day)
- supraoptic, paraventricular
- arcuate, ventromedial, dorsomedial, tuberal
- suprachiasmatic, preoptic
Thermoregulation is associated with what hypothalamic nucleus?
preoptic nucleus
Heat loss center pathway?
↑blood temp→hypothalamus thermosensory cells→cardiovascular and respiratory centers→ vasodilation/perspiration and panting
Heat conservation center pathway?
↓blood temp→hypothalamus thermosensory cells→brainstem control centers →vasoconstriction, ↑CO, ↑metabolism, piloerection, shivering
What nucleus is associated with drinking?
paraventricular nucleus
What hypothalamic nucleus are associated with feeding?
- What is the feeding center?
- What is the satiety center?
- dorsomedial, ventromedial
- feeding center stimulates eating by olfaction, taste, and amygdala
- satiety center is a set point to regulate food intake
- What hypothalamic nucleus is associated with sexual behavior?
- DIfference between female and male hypothalamus?
- preoptic nucleus
- F= estrogen and progesterone receptors, M= testosterone receptors
What 3 hypothalamic nucleus are associated with emotional behavior?
dorsomedial, ventrolmedial, mamillary bodies
-defensive rage, quick biting, and flight behaviors
What hypothalamic nucleus is associated with sleep?
suprachaismatic
What hypothalamic nucleus is associated with memory?
dorsomedial, ventromedial, mamillary bodies
OTHER DIENCEPHALON
OTHER DIENCEPHALON
What is the function of the subthalamic nuclei?
relay for BG for motor modulation
What are the 2 structures in the epithalamus?
- habenular complex
- pineal gland
What is the function of the habenular complex?
relay linking limbic system/hypothalamus to the midbrain
The pineal gland is an _______ gland whose function is not well defined but may include what functions?
-endocrine
- day length (light) modulated hormone release
- hormone secretion of NEpi, serotonin, melatonin as well as hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting factors
BASAL NUCLEUS
BASAL NUCLEUS
What is the overall function of the BG?
psychomotor modification
LIMBIC SYSTEM
LIMBIC SYSTEM
The limbic system includes structures in what parts of the brain?
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
The overall function of the limbic system is to modulate the ________ (behavior, endocrine, aotonomic…) and _____________ (autonomic, emotion, pain modulation) to affect emotional behavior, motivation, and short term memory.
- hypothalamus
- PAG
What 7 parts make up the limbic system?
- hippocampal formation
- septal area
- amygdala
- prefrontal cortex
- cingulated gyrus
- substantia innominate
- insula
What are the 3 parts of the hippocampal formation?
- hippocampus
- dentate gyrus
- subicular cortex (parahippocampal gyrus)
What are the 3 parts of the septal area?
- lateral septal nuclei
- medial septal nuclei
- diagonal band of Broca
The defining property of limbic structures is that they communicate with ____________ or ____________ to modulate the activity of these structures.
- hypothalamus
- PAG
3 functions of the hippocampal formation?
- modulate aggression and rage
- autonomic and endocrine = visceral
- learning and memory
Learning and memory is via effects of ________ on ______ channels and gene transcription to increase synaptic strength which increases long term memory.
- glutamate
- NMDA
3 functions of the septal area?
- modulate aggression and rage
- autonomic visceral
- drinking
4 functions of the amygdala?
- agression, rage
- feeding
- cardiovascular, endocrine visceral
- learning and memory
4 functions of the prefrontal cortex?
- emotional and intellectual processes
- SUPPRESSES agression and rage
- affects feeding
- visceral functions: BP, respiration, gastric motility, thermoregulation
The cingulated gyrus functions similar to the _______________.
prefrontal cortex
2 functions of the substantia innominata?
- relay between amygdala and hypothalamus
- contains Basal Nucleus of Meynert; a cholinergic efferent to cortex and other limbic structures
What are the 4 afferent input to the limbic system?
- special senses
- reticular formation monoamine neuronal projections
- hypothalamus
- thalamus
What are the 4 efferent output locations from the limbic system?
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- cerebral cortex
- PAG
RETICULAR SYSTEM
RETICULAR SYSTEM
The reticular system is a diffuse set of nuclei located in core of __________, from diencephalon to spinal cord, synaptic connections with ascending and descending tracts, and CN nuclei.
brainstem
What are the functions of the reticular system?
- modulate sensory, motor, and autonomic activity
- sleep/wake
- consciousness
- emotion
- refine motor signals
- pain modulation
What are the 3 afferent inputs into the reticular system?
- conscious sensation: somatosensory and specal sensory
- motor
- autonomic
- What tract involves discriminative pain sensation from the body/head?
- What is the tracts pathway?
spinothalamic tract
-discriminative pain sensation from body/head → spinothalamic tract/trigeminothalamic → reticular formation → thalamus (VPL/VPM) → cortex postcentral gyrus → localized pain response
- What second tract involves pain sensation from the body?
- What is the tracts pathway?
spinoreticular tract
-nondiscriminative pain sensation from body → spinoreticular tract → reticular formation → thalamus (non discriminative) → hypothal/cortex → emotional non localized pain response
Does the reticular formation receive sensory input from special senses?
Yes
T or F
Probably all conscious sensory input is modulated by the reticular system.
True
The reticular formation receives motor input from what 2 structures?
-What are both their pathways?
-motor cortex and cerebellum
- sensory/motor cortex→reticular formation (PPN)→reticulospinal tracts→affect extensor motor neurons→affect posture
- cerebellum: cortex→reticular→fastigial nuc. and vermal/paravermal
The reticular formation receives autonomic input from what 3 ways?
- chemo- & baro-receptors→CN 9, 10→inf. Gang. CN9,10 →solitary nuc→reticular formation→dorsal motor nuc/ventrolateral→ parasympathetic/sympathetic control blood pressure
- limbic system
- hypothalamus
What are the 6 efferent output locations of the reticular system?
- nonspecific thalamic nuclei
- PAG (inhibit spinothalamic tract)
- from monoamine and cholinergic nuc. of reticular formation to the cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system
- spinal cord (reticulospinal tracts)
- cerebellar cortex
- horizontal gaze center
- Raphe nucleus = __________
- Locus Ceruleus = __________
- PPN = ____________
- Ventral tegmental nuc. = _____________
- serotonin
- NEpi
- ACh
- dopamine
Autonomic functions of the reticular system?
- affect BP
- respiration
Sleep/Wake, Level Consciousness = ______
RAS
- Alpha rhythms = _______
- Beta rhythms = __________=__________
- awake
- REM sleep=dreaming sleep
The reticular formation ___________ muscle activity for what reason?
-inhibits to prevent acting out dreams
ACh from the _____ and serotonin from the _________ result in _______
- PPN
- Raphe
- sleep
NEpi from ________ results in ____________
- locus ceruleus
- wakefulness
