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Neuroanatomy and Physiology > Lecture 2- Neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Lecture 2- Neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause a PNS injury?

A
  • stretch
  • crush
  • shear
  • laceration
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2
Q

What is the first thing that happens when a neuron is injured?

A

Axon retracts away from its postsynaptic cell, while this is happening we also see Wallerian degeneration.

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3
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration?

A

When the myelin sheath gets peeled away and turns into debris.

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4
Q

What cells come in to clear debris from a neuronal injury?

A
  • glial cells (astrocytes)

- macrophages

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5
Q

When the axon is ready to regrown we have ___________ cells come in and guide the axon to the appropriate target.

A

-Schwann cells

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of axonal sprouting (growth)?

A
  • collateral

- regenerative

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7
Q

How are collateral and regenerative sprouting different?

A
  • collateral- new branches formed from neighboring cells attach to the initial postsynaptic neuron
  • regenerative- the damaged axon is the one that regrows and finds its original or a new target
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8
Q

In adults, our ability to regrow is _____, and can be ___________, but with time the PNS generally is able to figure out the appropriate pathways.

A
  • slow

- inprecise

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9
Q

There is _mm of growth a day or _in a month.

A
  • 1mm

- 1in

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10
Q

What can cause a CNS injury?

A
  • trauma
  • decreased blood flow (stroke)
  • neurodegenerative disease (MS, Parkinson’s)
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11
Q
  • The bad news is that our CNS axons typically _____ re-grow after injury.
  • The good news is that our brain has an incredible capacity to create new ________ to compensate.
A
  • do not

- pathways

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12
Q

CNS damage “triggers” _______ and _______ cell death of severed axons.

A
  • necrosis

- apoptotic

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13
Q

What is necrosis?

A

cell death directly related to an injury

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14
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cluster of previous healthy tissue that is now dead, starts a cascading event where the neurons on the periphery die as well.

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15
Q

The clean up in the CNS is _____ because the lack of ____________ guidance and ___________ to clean.

A
  • slow
  • Schwann cells
  • macrophages
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16
Q

In general, our CNS environment is _________ to regenerative attempts. Why?

A
  • hostile

- astrocytes (glial cells) create glial scarring, microglial activation

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17
Q

What is glial scarring?

A

astrocytes go to area of injury and form a scar that blocks physical and chemical downstream effect of cell death.

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18
Q

What is the downside of glial scarring?

A

blocks any attempts of axons to regrow

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19
Q

What is the problem with microglial activation at the level of the CNS?

A

They do too much of a good thing, can’t distinguish between what is debris and supportive structures that came in to perform recovery.

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20
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

process by which new neurons are formed in the brain

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21
Q

There is a low level of ______ (not neuronal) cells that can proliferate throughout our lifetime.
What are two examples of areas in our brain that have the ability to regenerate?

A
  • glial

- olfactory bulb and hippocampus

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22
Q

If our CNS does not regenerate, why do people improve after neurological injuries?

A

neuroplasticity

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23
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

Our brain has the ability to change and adapt through our lifetime

-“The ability of the NS to respond to intrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, function and connections… in response to the environment, in support of learning, in response to disease, or in relation to therapy”

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24
Q

Neuroplasticity is very _______ dependent

A

activity

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25
Q

What are the 3 main mechanisms of neuroplasticity?

A
  • Chemical
  • Structural
  • Functional
26
Q

To support learning chemically, what can our brains do?

A

The brain can increase activity occuring at synapse by increasing neurotransmitters, which can activate new postsynaptic receptors or modify the ones already there.

27
Q

The chemical changes we see in neuroplasticity have __________ effects but they tend to be ________.

A
  • immediate

- transient

28
Q

We see more of a chemical response when talking about ____________.

A

short term memory

29
Q

What are some structural changes that may occur when talking about neuroplasticity?

A

new dendritic growth

30
Q

Structural changes take ____ time, but the effects are ______ lasting.

A
  • more

- longer

31
Q

We see more of a structural response when talking about ____________.

A

long term memory

32
Q

To support learning functionally, what do our brains do?

A
  • neurons can completely adopt new functions

- find a whole new route in the brain

33
Q

Functional neuroplasticity is how we survive any ___________ injury.

A

neurological

34
Q

Chemical, structural, and functional changes can occur in _________ of one another but more often occur _________.

A
  • isolation

- together

35
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Eliminating fluff and remaps synapses in response to everything thats being experienced by the child

36
Q

Cortical remapping occurs throughout our life, but is important after _______.

A

injury

37
Q

The cortical remapping of the hand becomes ________ when blind due to having to read braille.

A

larger

38
Q

Around 40-50% of people with amputations will experience __________ syndrome

A

phantom limb

39
Q

_________ is the simplest form of neuroplasticity

A

habituation

40
Q

What is habituation?

A

decrease in response to a repeated benign stimulus

41
Q

Habituation can be either _____ or ____ term.

A

short or long

42
Q

Habituation allows us to be successful in learning by letting us pay attention to whats important, while tuning out the __________ stuff.

A

non-essential, such as a fan going while studying

43
Q

Short term habituation is any repeated stimulus that is applied for ___ minutes or less.

A

30min

44
Q

The changes that we see in short term habituation tend to be _________ in nature.

A

presynaptic

45
Q

With long term habituation, we will see changes at the ___________ sites.

A

postsynaptic

46
Q

Our ability to learn and form memories is hinged on what concept?

A

Experience-Dependent Plasticity

47
Q

In regards to Experience-Dependent Plasticity, our brain will attempt to _________ itself through the restructuring of its synapses to learn what was lost.

A

reorganize

48
Q

What is Long-Term Potentiation?

A

process by which the synaptic connections between neurons become stronger by frequent activation

49
Q

Long-term potentiation requires _____ intensity stimulation.

A

high

50
Q

What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

glutamate

51
Q

What 2 receptors does glutamate bind with?

A
  • AMPA

- NMDA

52
Q

AMPA receptors are permeable to _________

A

sodium

53
Q

NMDA receptors are also permeable to sodium, but also have a high permeability to ________.

A

calcium

54
Q

NMDA receptors have a ________ blockade, what has to happen to get the molecule out of the way?

A
  • magnesium
  • receptor stays open for longer due to high stimulus, causing a larger depolarization and magnesium ion to be repelled away
55
Q

What is the repulsion of the magnesium ion called?

A

Electrostatic Repulsion

56
Q

Why are NMDA receptors known as coincidence receptors?

A

need both a pre and postsynaptic event to open the channel

57
Q

The influx of calcium into the postsynaptic cell acts as a ________ messenger, activating secondary intracellular cascades to initiate for more long term effects

A

secondary

58
Q

What are the 2 things calcium activates?

A
  • increase in AMPA receptors to attach onto cellular wall to be available for later events, making the postsynaptic more sensitive and available to glutamate
  • causes an increase in synthesis in proteins called growth factors, which are involved in creation of new synpases
59
Q

What is Long-Term Depression?

A
  • process in which synaptic connections become weaker

- before a synapse can create a new role due to injury, it has to “reset”

60
Q

Long-term depresson is caused by ____ intensity prolonged stimulation.

A

low

61
Q

Rehabilitation and Neuroplasticity

A
  • Technology
  • Pharmacology
  • Physical Rehabilitation
  • Cognitive Training
62
Q

What are the 10 Principles of Neuroplasticity?

A
  1. ) USE IT OR LOSE IT
  2. ) USE IT AND IMPROVE IT
  3. ) SPECIFICITY MATTERS
  4. ) REPITITION MATTERS
  5. ) INTENSITY MATTERS
  6. ) TIME MATTERS (6 months post-injury)
  7. ) SALIENCE MATTERS (important to patient)
  8. ) AGE MATTERS
  9. ) TRANSFERENCE OR GENERALIZATION
  10. ) INTERFERENCE (don’t want to have to relearn)

Neuroanatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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