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Neuroanatomy and Physiology > Lecture 13- CN8 Auditory and Vestibular; Basal Nuc; Cerebellum > Flashcards

Lecture 13- CN8 Auditory and Vestibular; Basal Nuc; Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

ANATOMY OF THE AUDITORY SYSTEM

A

ANATOMY OF THE AUDITORY SYSTEM

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2
Q

The auditory system is split into what 4 main parts?

A
  • External Ear
  • Middle Ear
  • Inner Ear (labryinth)
  • Auditory Apparatus
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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of the external ear?

A
  • auricle (pinna)
  • external auditory canal
  • ear drum (tympanic membrane)
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4
Q

What is the auricle?

A

outer ear structure

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5
Q

What does the external auditory canal connect?

A

connects auricle to ear drum

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6
Q

The ear drum (tympanic membrane) is a sheet across the external auditory canal composed of what 3 things?
What is the function of the ear drum (tympanic membrane)?

A
  • epidermis
  • epithelium
  • connective tissue fibers (elastic)

-vibrates with the force of the sound wave strike and transmits the vibrations further in, to the bones of the middle ear

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7
Q

The middle ear is a cavity filled with what?

A

air

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8
Q

What are the 5 main structures of the middle ear?

A
  • auditory ossicles (smallest bones in the body)
  • oval window
  • round window
  • tensor tympani (CN V3) and stapedius (CN7) muscles
  • opening to the auditory tube (eustachian tube)
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9
Q

What are the 3 smallest bones in the body in order from external to internal and what do they connect/do?

A
  • malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

- The auditory ossicles transmit vibrations of the tympanic membrane through the middle ear to the oval window

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10
Q

What is the oval window and its function?

A
  • membrane covered opening into perilymph of cochlea

- when stapes “taps” on the oval window, it will create fluid filled vibrations within the cochlea

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11
Q

What is the round window and its function?

A
  • membrane covered opening into perilymph at the other end of cochlea
  • prevents scattering of sound waves
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12
Q

What is the function of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles?

A

contract to prevent damage to middle ear structures by loud noise

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13
Q

The opening to the auditory tube (eustachian tube) connects middle ear chamber to nasopharynx to _____________ in the middle ear.

A

equilibrate pressure

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14
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the inner ear (labyrinth)?

A
  • bony labyrinth
  • membranous labyrinth
  • vestibulocochlear nerve (CN8)
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15
Q

The bony labyrinth is lined by _________ and contains _________.

A
  • periosteum

- perilymph

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16
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the bony labryinth and their function?

A
  • semicircular canals- contains sensory receptors (crista ampullaris) for equilibrium(angular) (lie at right angles to each other in 3 geometric planes)
  • vestibule- contains sensory receptors (macula) for equilibrium (linear)
  • cochlea- contains sensory receptors (spiral organ of corti) for hearing
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17
Q

The membranous labryinth is sacs and tubes inside bony labryinth. The membranous labryinth is filled with __________.

A

endolymph

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18
Q

What are the 4 parts of the membranous labryinth?

A
  • utricle
  • saccule
  • membranous semicircular canals
  • cochlear duct for hearing
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19
Q

The utricle and saccule are both membranous sacs in the ________ therefore they contain _________, but what is the difference between them?

A
  • vestibule
  • endolymph
  • utricle is connected to semicircular canals, saccule is connected to utricle
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20
Q

The receptors for the organ of hearing are contained in the _________ duct, while those for the organ of balance are contained in the _______, ________, and the three semicircular ducts.

A
  • cochlear

- utricle, saccule (both in outer bony vestibule)

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21
Q

CN8 has special sensory innervation of the _________ and ____________ canal organs to function in equilibrium and the _________ organ to function in hearing.

A
  • vestibular and semicircular

- cochlear

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22
Q

CN8 is split into what 2 branches? What are their ganglion?

A
  • vestibular branch- superior and inferior vestibular ganglion
  • cochlear branch- spiral ganglion
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23
Q

Auditory apparatus = ____________ = sensory/receptor for hearing

A

-Spiral organ of Corti

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24
Q

Hair cell stereocilia for hearing is embedded in ______ membrane which is __________.

A
  • tectoral

- stationary

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25
Q

The base of hair cells are attached to ________ membranes which is the floor of the cochlear duct seperating endolymph from perilymph in the cochlea bony labyrinth.

A

basilar

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26
Q

Basilir membrane/hair cells move in response to ________. Higher frequencies go to the ______ of the basilar membrane while lower frequencies go to the ______.

A
  • sound
  • base
  • apex
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27
Q

The auditory apparatus also has _________ cells.

A

support

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28
Q

In short, Spiral organ of Corti consists of hair cell layer on the basilar membrane arranged around the spiral core of the cochlear bony labyrinth (modiolus); hair cell stereo cilia are embedded in a matrix=_________ membrane which does not move.

A

tectoral

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29
Q

HEARING

A

HEARING

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30
Q
  • Sounds alternating high and low pressure regions (______) in air that originate from a vibrating object.
  • Pitch is the ________ of sound waves.
  • Size of the wave is equal to intensity or __________ of sound which is loudness.
A
  • waves
  • frequency
  • amplitude
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31
Q

What produces tone?

A

pitch + amplitude

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32
Q

Hearing Pathway

  • Sound waves from a vibrating object directed to eardrum by _______and _________ auditory canal
  • sound waves cause ear drum to vibrate
  • Vibration is amplified and transmitted to oval window by auditory ossicles in what order?
  • Pressure then transmits from mechanical to fluid vibration in the ________ and ___________.
  • This vibration causes the basilar membrane to move and the stereocilia to ______ while the __________ membrane remains stationary.
A
  • auricle, external
  • ear drum → malleus→incus→stapes→oval window
  • peri and endolymph
  • bend, tectoral
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33
Q
  • If the stereocilia are bent laterally, this results in ________ which releases chemical messengers (glutamate) to stimulate auditory sensory neuron.
  • Bending the stereocilia medially results in what?
A
  • depolarization

- hyperpolarization

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34
Q

High pitch = ______ of basilar membrane

Low pitch = _______ of basilar membrane

A
  • base

- apex

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35
Q

Auditory Nerve Pathway

  • signal on bipolar neuron in ________ ganglia (located in center, modiolus, of cochlea)
  • signal travels on the ________ nerve
  • cochlear n. travels through petreus portion of temporal bone exiting ________ auditory meatus
  • enters brain stem at junction of pons and medulla synapse with dorsal and ventral ________ nuclei in _________ manner
  • fibers from cochlear nuclei synapse ascend to the inferior colliculus resulting in _________ indirect connections and _________ direct connections.
A

-spiral ganglia
-cochlear
internal
-cochlear, tonotopic
-contralateral, bilateral

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36
Q
  • Contralateral indirect connections of the auditory nerve pathway go where?
  • Bilateral direct connections of the auditory nerve pathway go where?
A
  • superior olivary complex, reticular formation, trapezoid body provides cross over
  • inferior colliculus via lateral lemniscus
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37
Q

After the auditory nerve pathway splits and goes bilaterally to the inferior colliculus, what are the 2 structures it goes to?

A
  • medial geniculate body of thalamus -> auditory cortex (superior medial temporal lobe) (CONSCIOUS)
  • tectospinal head turning reflex
  • IPSILATERAL ONLY GOES TO MEDIAL GENICULATE
  • CONTRALATERAL GOES TO BOTH
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38
Q

In summary most fibers from the cochlear nucleus cross to the contralateral side, although some stay ipsilateral, _________ projection to the cortex allows discrimination of sound differences in each ear.

A

bilateral

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39
Q

VESTIBULAR SYSTEM

A

VESTIBULAR SYSTEM

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40
Q

Equilibrium can be defined as both ________ and _________ acceleration. What is the difference?

A
  • linear- change in velocity when traveling in one direction

- angular- change in velocity when rotating

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41
Q

What 2 structures make up the Vestibular Apparatus organ of equilibrium?

A
  • vestibule (linear)

- semicircular canals (angular)

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42
Q

What 2 structures are located within the vestibule?

A
  • utricle (endolymph)

- saccule (endolymph)

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43
Q

What is the sensory receptor for linear acceleration and where is it located?

A
  • macula

- in the walls of the utricle and saccule

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44
Q

The vestibular apparatus also has _______ cells.

A

support

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45
Q

The macula has hair cells that contain _________.

What is the difference between the macula hair cells in the utricle and saccule?

A

-stereocilia

  • utricle stereocilia are on the floor and point up (horizontal linear)
  • saccule stereocilia are on the back wall and point forward (vertical linear)
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46
Q

Above the hair cells we have the ________ membrane which is a gelatinous material that has calcium carbonate crystals called ________.

A
  • otolithic

- otoliths

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47
Q

What are the stereocilia embedded in?

A

otolithic membrane

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48
Q

The macula of the utricle and saccule are arranged at _________ to each other.

A

right angles

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49
Q

Body movement causes the __________ to move and bend the stereocilia resulting in:

  • membrane _________ to generate an action potential in CN8
  • membrane ____________ to inhibit action potentials
A
  • otolithic membrane
  • depolarization
  • hyperpolarization
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50
Q

What is the sensory receptor for angular acceleration and where is it located?

A
  • cristae ampularis

- in the lumen of semicircular canals

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51
Q

The crista ampularis, like the macula has _____ and ____ cells.

A

-support and hair

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52
Q

The cristae ampulla, like the macula, has a matrix in which the hair cells are embedded. What is it called in the cristae ampulla?

A

cupula

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53
Q

Rotational movement of the head bends the stereocilia of the hair cells resulting in;

  • membrane ___________ to generate an action potential in the vestibular nerve on one side
  • membrane ____________ to inhibit signaling of vestibular n. on the other side.
A
  • depolarization

- hyperpolarization

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54
Q

Equilibrium Pathway

  • bending ________ of hair cell
  • ________ or __________ the hair cell
  • change the pattern of ______/_______ of peripheral axon of bipolar neuron in _________ ganglia
  • exit petrous portion of temporal bone at ________ acoustic meatus
  • enter brainstem at level of ______ and _________
A
  • stereocilia
  • depolarize or hyperpolarize
  • excitation/inhibition, vestibular
  • internal
  • pons and medulla
55
Q

After entering the brainstem at the pons and the medulla, the fibers from the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule go to specific vestibular nuclei. What are they?

A

-semicircular canals- superior and medial vestibular nuclei
utricle maculae- lateral vestibular nucleus
-saccule maculae- lateral and inferior vestivular nuclei

56
Q
  • Angular equilibrium (semicircular canals) go to ___ and ___.
  • Linear equilibrium (maculae and utricle) go to ___ and ___.
A
  • SVN and MVN

- IVN and LVN

57
Q

After the fibers from the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule go to their specific nuclei they project to 5 main locations via the MLF, what are these locations?

A
  • cerebellum flocculondular lobe = posture and balance
  • medial vestibulospinal tract = head turning
  • lateral vestibulospinal tract = cervical and lumbar spinal cord extensor muscles
  • CN3,4,6 = EOM via MLF
  • premotor and other regions of cerebral cortex = head proprioception
58
Q

BASAL NUCLEUS (GANGLIA)

A

BASAL NUCLEUS (GANGLIA)

59
Q

What does the basal nucleus do to the precentral gyrus to refine movement?

A

inhibits

60
Q

What are the 8 parts of the basal ganglia and their function?

A
  1. ) caudate = emotion, cognitive learning
  2. ) putamen = regulate movements and influence learning
  3. ) striatum (neostriatum) = caudate + putamen
  4. ) ventral striatum = area where caudate joins putamen (contains nucleus accumbens), functions primarily in limbic
  5. ) globus pallidus (GP) internus and externus) = regulate voluntary movement
  6. ) lentiform = putamen + globus pallidus
  7. ) subthalamic nucleus
  8. ) substantia nigra (compacta and reticularis) = compacta-dopamine
61
Q

What are the 2 overall functions of the basal ganglia (psychomotor)?

A
  • behavior

- motor

62
Q

What are the aspects of behavior related to the basal ganglia?

A
  • goal directed behavior
  • social behavior
  • emotions
63
Q

What are the motor aspects related to the basal ganglia?

A
  • decision making = initiation
  • judgement = fractionation of force
  • prioritizing = multi-joint movements and sequencing
  • emotional response
  • learning
  • eye movements
  • spatial attention
64
Q

The BG acts by reducing _________ input to the motor cortex ie it is __________.

A
  • excitatory

- INHIBITORY

65
Q

What are the 3 main afferent inputs to the BG? What is their NT? Excitatory or inhibitory?

A
  • CEREBRAL CORTEX/glutamate/excitatory
  • PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEUS/glutamate and ACh/ excitatory
  • RAPHE NUCLEUS/serotonin/inhibitory
66
Q

Most afferent input to the BG is __________.

A

EXCITATORY

67
Q

Efferent output from the BG = _____/inhibitory from GP internus to what 3 structures and why?

(S41)

A

-GABA

  • VA and VL of thalamus =decrease precentral gyrus activity
  • Pedunculopontine nucleus = increase activity of axial, postural muscles
  • Tectum = decrease activity of stepping pattern generators (walking); affect reflex eye movements
68
Q

What is different about the efferent output to the pedunculopontine nucleus from the BG?

A

acts to inhibit an inhibitor (DISINHIBITION)

69
Q

What does inhibiting the basal ganglia ultimately do to motor activity of the axial and postural muscles when inhibiting the PPN (pedunculopontine nucleus)?

A

increase

70
Q

The basal ganglia is broken down into 5 pathways, 3 are _________ loops and 2 are ______ loops.

A
  • non-motor

- motor

71
Q

What are the 3 non-motor loops?

A
  • goal-directed behavior loop
  • social behavior loop
  • emotion loop
72
Q

What is the pathway of the goal-directed behavior loop and its function?

A
  • prefrontal cortex→caudate→ GPi→decrease activity VA thalamus
  • decision making; goal directed behavior; planning; chooses action; learning
73
Q

What is the pathway of the social behavior loop and its function?

A
  • prefrontal cortex→ head/caudate nuc. + SN reticularis→ MD Thalamus
  • recognize social cues; regulate self control; evaluates what information is relevant and irrelevant
74
Q

What is the pathway of the emotion loop and its function?

A

prefrontal cortex→striatum→MD Thalamus

-link emotions to cognitive and motor systems; reward seeking; outcome predictions ie. emotions to facial expression

75
Q

What are the 2 motor loops?

A
  • oculomotor loop

- motor loop

76
Q

What is the pathway of the oculomotor loop and its function?

A

frontal and supplementary eye fields→caudate nuc.→SN reticularis→decrease activity VA thalamus allow for reflexive prosaccades

-spatial attention; initiate fast eye movements toward an object=prosaccades

77
Q

What are prosaccades?

A

rapid eye movement towards an object

78
Q

The motor loop goes from the motor and premotor cortex to affect level of GABA inhibitory activity of ____.

A

GPi

79
Q

The motor pathway goes to what 3 structures and for what?

A
  • motor cortex- voluntary movement
  • PPN- posture muscle control
  • Midbrain tectum (superior colliculus)- eye movements and step generator = walking
80
Q

What are the 3 pathways of the motor loop of the BG?

A
  • hyper direct no go
  • go
  • no go
81
Q

The hyper direct no go pathway uses the subthalamic nucleus which ________ GPi.

A

stimulates

82
Q

Describe the pathway of the hyper direct no go pathway and how it affects the motor cortex, PPN, and tectum.

A

-cortex→subthalamic nuc→GPi (↑ activity of stimulator of GPi so activity GPi ↑) this results in:

  • inhibits motor thalamus = precentral cortex
  • inhibits PPN which ↑ activity of reticulospinal tract/ postural and girdle muscles by INHIBITING and INHIBITOR (DISINHIBITION)
  • inhibits tectum (midbrain) locomotor/step pattern generator
83
Q

The go pathway is a direct pathway which ________ activity of GPi.

A

decreases

84
Q

Describe the pathway of the go pathway and how it affects the motor cortex, PPN, and tectum.

A

-cortex→putamen→ decrease activity GPi (stim. an inhib of GPi so activity GPi↓)

  • disinhibits motor thalamus/cortex to increase precentral gyrus activity
  • disinhibits PPN to inhibit reticulospinal/postural and girdle muscle activity
  • disinhibits tectum (midbrain) locomotor/ step pattern generator
85
Q

The no go pathway is an indirect pathway that works by inhibiting ____ which normally inhibits GPi which results in ________ activity of GPi.

A
  • GPe

- increased

86
Q

Describe the pathway of the go pathway and how it affects the motor cortex, PPN, and tectum.

A

-cortex→putamen→decrease activity GPe which was an inhibitor of GPi resulting in a ↑ GPi activity

  • inhibit motor thalamus/cortex
  • inhibit PPN/ ↑reticuluospinal/postural & girdle muscle activity
  • inhibit Midbrain locomotor/step pattern generator
87
Q

The substantia nigra modulates the _________ to modulate the GPi.

A

neostriatum

88
Q

What are the 2 parts of the substantia nigra?

A
  • substantia nigra reticularis

- substantia nigra compacta

89
Q

The substantia nigra reticularis has input from where and output to where?

A

Input= GABA inhibitory from neostriatum

Output= GABA inhibitory to

  • substantia nigra compacta
  • midbrain tectum
  • motor thalamus
90
Q

The substantia nigra compacta has input from where and output to where?

A

Input= GABA inhibitory from substantia nigra reticularis

Output=

  • Dopamine stimulation (D1 receptor) of neostriatum
  • Dopamine inhibition (D2 receptor) of neostriatum
91
Q

D1 receptors act to _______ the GO pathway.

A

stimulate

92
Q

D2 receptors act to _______ the NO GO pathway.

A

inhibit

93
Q

11

A

1

94
Q

1

A

111

95
Q

11

A

1

96
Q

1

A

1

97
Q

1

A

1

98
Q

1

A

1

99
Q

1

A

1

100
Q

1

A

1

101
Q

1

A

1

102
Q

What are 2 disease states involving the basal ganglia and are they hypokinetic or hyperkinetic?

A
  • Parkinson’s Disease= hypo

- Huntington’s Disease= hyper

103
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

  • due to loss of Dopamine from substantia nigra pars ________
  • go pathway is no longer ________→↓thalamic motor activity
  • no go pathway is no longer ________→↓thalamic motor activity
A
  • compacta
  • stimulated
  • inhibited
104
Q

Huntington’s Disease

  • due to loss of GABA from neostriatum
  • no go pathway no longer _________ thalamus→↑thalamic motor activity
A

inhibits

105
Q

CEREBELLUM

A

CEREBELLUM

106
Q

The cerebellum is divided into what 3 lobes? What are their function?

A

Anterior Lobe = Spinocerebellum
-controls axial muscles tone; degree of flexion/extension

Posterior Lobe = Cerebrocerebellum
-planning, organization, and coordination of motor activity

Flocculonodular Lobe = Vestibulocerebellum
-control of eyes and head position

107
Q

The lateral anterior and posterior lobe control what?

A

efferent fine motor to limbs

108
Q

The vermal/paravermal (medial anterior and posterior lobe) control what?

A

efferent axial muscles for head turning, posture, and tone

109
Q

What are the 4 deep nuclei found bilaterally in the cerebellum?

A
  • fastigial nucleus
  • dentate nucleus
  • globose nucleus
  • emboliform nucleus
110
Q

The fastigial nuclei relays efferent signals to _________ nuclei and _____________.

A
  • vestibular

- reticular formation

111
Q

The dentate nucleus relays efferent signals to the cortex via _____________.

A

superior colliculus

112
Q

The interposed nucleus (globose and emboliform) relay efferent signals to the ___________.

A

red nucleus

113
Q

What are the 3 peduncles of the cerebellum and what do they carry?

A

Inferior
-afferent from spinal cord/medulla (cuneocerebellar; rostrocerebellar; posterior spinocerebellar)

Middle
-afferent from cerebral cortex to cerebellum via pontine nucleus

Superior
-efferent from cerebellar nuclei to brain stem and cortex (anterior spinocerebellar)

114
Q

The cerebellum and associated peduncles form the roof and sides of what?

A

4th ventricle

115
Q

What are the openings for the CSF to enter the subarachnoid space?

A
  • 2 lateral foramen of Luschka

- 1 median foramen of Magendie

116
Q

Afferent input to the cerebellum comes from what 7 areas?

A
  • spinal cord = body
  • inferior olivary nucleus
  • vestibular apparatus
  • reticular formation
  • cerebral cortex
  • tectum
  • mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
117
Q

The spinal cord input to the cerebellum goes to the vermis and perivermal cortex of the __________ and adjacent _________ lobes. What are the 4 inputs from the spinal cord and their function?

A

-anterior, posterior

  • dorsal spinocerebellar- proprioception of leg
  • ventral spinocerebellar- monitor ventral horn activity of leg spinal cord segments
  • cuneocerebellar- proprioception of arm
  • rostrocerebellar- monitor ventral horn activity of arm spinal cord segments
118
Q

The inferior olivary nucleus relays information from the _________ and __________ to the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellar hemispheres.

A
  • spinal cord (proprioception)

- sensory motor cerebral cortex to red nucleus to ION

119
Q

The vestibular apparatus has a direct connection to the __________ lobe of the cerebellum.

A

flocculonodular

120
Q

The reticular formation information is sent to the vermis and paravermis of the _________ and _________ lobes.

A

-anterior and posterior

121
Q

The cerebral cortex sends information to the anterior and posterior cerebellum lobes through what 3 structures?

A
  • red nucleus to ION
  • deep pontine nuclei (motor cortex to cerebellum)
  • reticular formation
122
Q

The tectum sends information from the _______ and ___________ to anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellar hemispheres.

A

inferior and superior colliculus

123
Q

Afferent neurons from the input sources have what 2 types of fibers? What is the difference?

A

Mossy Fibers: Glutamate Excitatory Fibers

  • from all areas of afferent input except inferior olivary nucleus that synapse with;
    • deep cerebellar nuclei
    • excitatory granule cells of cortex
    • inhibitory golgi cells of cortex

Climbing Fibers: Glutamate Excitatory Fibers

  • from the inferior olivary nucleus that synapse with;
    • deep cerebellar nuclei
    • purkinje cells of cortex making the refractile to granule cell stimulation
124
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A
  • granule cell layer (innermost layer)
  • purkinje cell layer (middle layer)
  • molecular layer (surface layer)
125
Q

The granule layer is composed of what 2 cells?

A
  • granule cells

- golgi cells

126
Q

Granule cells are glutamate ________ cells with diverging collateral capable of exciting many Purkinje cells which does what?

A
  • excitatory

- influence broad regions of body musculature simultaneously

127
Q

Golgi cells are GABA _________ interneurons that inhibit ________ cells.

A

inhibitory

-granule

128
Q

The granule cell turns itself off by activating a ______ cell.

A

golgi

129
Q

Purkinje cells are _______ inhibitory cells which inhibit deep cerebellar nuclei and are stimualted by _______ cells. They provide a burst of inhibition to deep cerebellar nuclei.

A
  • GABA

- granule cells

130
Q

What are the 4 projections of purkinje cells?

A
  • vermal Purkinje cells project to fastigial nuc.
  • anterior and posterior lobe Purkinje cells project to dentate nucleus
  • paravermal Purkinje cells project to interposed nuc.
  • some anterior lobe Purkinje project to vestibular nuc.
131
Q

Purkinje cell interconnections can be changed to facilitate ____________.

A

motor learning

132
Q

The molecular layer contains what types of cells, what is their function?

A

basket cells- stimulated by granule cells to inhibit Purkinje cells adjacent to those stimulated by granule cells

133
Q

Cerebellar cortex regulates the excitatory activity of _______________ nuclei

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

134
Q

Efferents from the cerebellum are ________ and come from the deep cerebellar nuclei.

A

excitatory

Neuroanatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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