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Neuroanatomy and Physiology > Lecture 1 - Histology of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Histology of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Communication system that relies on chain of cells to physically connect the message source to the message target.

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2
Q

What are the 2 components of the nervous system?

A
  • Organs

- Tissue Cells

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3
Q

What are the organs of the nervous system?

A
  • CNS

- PNS

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4
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A
  • Cranial nerves

- Spinal nerves

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6
Q

Are all of the cranial nerves part of the PNS?

A

All of them except for CN2 (optic)

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7
Q

What are the 4 tissue types and how many are needed to make up an organ?

A
  • Muscular, Nervous, Epithelial, and Connective

- 2

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8
Q

The tissue layer which plays the main role in the function of the organ is referred to as what?

A

Parenchyma (functional tissue)

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9
Q

The tissue layer which provides support to the organ, such as protecting the parenchyma or providing shape to the organ, is referred to as what?

A

Stroma (support tissue)

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10
Q

The functional tissue (parenchyma) of the nervous system is involved in what?

A

Communication

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11
Q

What makes up the support tissue (stroma)?

A
  • glial cells
  • blood vessels
  • CT
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12
Q

Are neurons considered parenchyma or stroma and why?

A

Parenchyma because they perform the functional part of the nervous system. They receive and send signals.

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13
Q

What are the 2 tissue cells of the nervous system?

A
  • Neurons

- Glial

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14
Q

What are the directional terms for the brain?

A
  • Rostral (anterior)
  • Caudal (posterior)
  • Ventral (inferior)
  • Dorsal (superior)
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15
Q

NEURONS

A

NEURONS

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16
Q

Dendrites and Soma recieve what type of input?

A

afferent (stimuli)

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17
Q

What are the two types of input received by the dendrite and soma?

A
  • Mechanical (sensor/receptor)

- Chemical (neurotransmitter)

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18
Q

The stimuli received by the dendrites and soma open sodium and potassium ion channels on the dendrite and soma to generate a depolarizing change, what is this called?

A

Graded potential

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19
Q

What is located at the base of the axon and acts as the trigger zone for action potentials?

A

Axon hillock

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20
Q

What is the mV required for an action potential to occur? How does this occur? What is this called?

A
  • (-55mV)
  • This occurs when 2 graded potentials get to the axon hillock at the same time.
  • Summation
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21
Q

What are the 2 types of summation and how are they different?

A
  • Temporal summation- this occurs when 2 graded potentials come from the same point on the dendrites.
  • Spatial summation- this occurs when 2 graded potentials come from different points on the dendrite.
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22
Q

What part of the neuron carries the AP?

A

Axon

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23
Q

What type of output is occuring at the axon and where is it going to?

A
  • efferent output

- axon terminal

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24
Q

Conduction at the axon can be either _______ or _________ conduction.
What is the difference?

A
  • Continuous- no myelinization on the axon

- Saltatory- myelin sheath located on the axon

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25
Q

Is continuous or saltatory conduction faster?

A

saltatory

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26
Q

In saltatory conduction, the AP is traveling between what?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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27
Q

What comes after the axon?

A

axon terminal

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28
Q

Does a single AP reach all axon terminals?

A

Yes

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29
Q

What happens at the axon terminals?

A

Voltage gated Ca+ channels open, causing the release of neurotransmitters.

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30
Q

What is the synapse?

A

Intercellular junction between pre-synaptic membrane (axon terminal) and post-synaptic membrane (target cell)

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31
Q

What is the function of the neurotransmitter?

A

opens chemical gated channels to generate a depolarization on the postsynaptic membrane

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32
Q

What are the 3 main types of axonal transport?

A
  • Fast anterograde
  • Slow anterograde
  • Fast retrograde
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33
Q

Both fast and slow anterograde proteins from ______ to _______.

A

soma to axon terminal

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34
Q

Fast anterograde is considered a ______ microtubule transport while slow anterograde is considered __________ microtubule transport.

A
  • nonstop

- stop and go

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35
Q

What causes the conduction velocity in an axon to be greater?

A
  • fiber diameter

- thickness of myelin

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36
Q

What are the 2 classification to quantify AP velocity?

A
  • conduction velocity

- fiber diameter

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37
Q

What is the scale of conduction velocity and which is the fastest?

A
  • scale goes from A-C

- A is the fastest, C is the slowest

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38
Q

What is the scale of fiber diameter and which is the fastest?

A
  • scale from I-IV

- I is the fastest, IV is the slowest

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39
Q

Where does nocioception (pain) fall on the scale of conduction velocity?

A

Pain is the slowest in regards to conduction velocity

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40
Q

What is the general direction of signal transmission?

A
  • dendrite
  • soma
  • axon hillock
  • axon
  • axon terminal
  • synapse
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41
Q

What are the 3 types of neuron functions?

A
  • Sensory
  • Motor
  • Associative
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42
Q

What is the broad definition of sensory neurons?

A

Axons in the periphery that carry afferent signals from sensor/receptors to the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

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43
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of sensory neurons?

A
  • Special sensory
  • Viscerosensory
  • Somatosensory
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44
Q

What nerves are involved in special sensory?

A

cranial nerves

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45
Q

What are the 5 special senses and what is their exact cranial nerve innervation?

A
  • vision= CN2
  • auditory= CN8
  • equilibrium= CN8
  • olfaction= CN1
  • gustatory (taste)= CN7,9,10
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46
Q

What is the difference between viscerosensory and somatosensory?

A
  • Viscerosensory transmits signals from our internal organs to the CNS and are thus unconscious.
  • Somatosensory transmits signals from skin or skeletal muscle to the CNS and are thus conscious.
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47
Q

Does viscerosensory or somatosensory maintain homeostasis?

A

viscerosensory

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48
Q

Is there a single or two neurons involved in the transmission of sensory information?

A

one single neuron

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49
Q

What is the broad definition of motor neurons?

A

Axons in the peripheral nerves that carry efferent signals from the CNS to the effectors.

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50
Q

Motor neurons carry signals to muscles as well as what?

A

Glands

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51
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of motor neurons?

A
  • Somatomotor

- Autonomic motor

52
Q

What are the main differences between somatomotor and autonomic motor?

A
  • Somatomotor- SINGLE neuron that carries signals from CNS to skeletal muscle (VOLUNTARY)
  • Autonomic motor- TWO neuron pathway that carries signals from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, or glands (INVOLUNTARY)
53
Q

The autonomic nervous system is divided into what 2 parts?

A

Sympathetic- fight or flight

Parasympathetic- rest and digest

54
Q

What is an associative (interneuron)?

A
  • Connects sensory and motor neurons

- Consists of the brain and spinal cord

55
Q

What are the three types of neuron structures?

A
  • Multipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Pseudo-unipolar
56
Q

A multipolar neuron is a soma with a _______ axon and _______ dendrite.
Where is this common?
Where is the soma located in this structure?

A
  • single, multiple
  • common in the CNS
  • at side of dendrite
57
Q

A bipolar neuron is a soma with a _____ axon and _______ dendrite stalk.
Where is this common?
Where is the soma located in this structure?

A
  • single, single
  • special sensory
  • in the middle of the axon
58
Q

A pseudo-unipolar neuron has a ______ axon with a __________ and _______ branch.
Where is this found?

A
  • single, proximal (efferent), distal (afferent)

- sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglion (DRG)

59
Q

What is the neuronal structure of viscero and somatosensory?

A

psuedo-unipolar

60
Q

What are the 3 types of synapses?

A
  • Axosomatic
  • Axodendritic
  • Axoaxonal
61
Q

What is the order of the neuron loop?

A
  • sensor/receptor
  • sensory neuron
  • control center= brain/spinal cord (associative/interneuron)
  • motor neuron
  • effector (muscle or gland)
62
Q

What are the 4 types of neuron circuits?

A
  • Diverging
  • Converging
  • Reverberating
  • Parallel after discharge
63
Q

Describe the structure and function of a diverging circuit.

A

Structure
-1 neuron splits to 2, which splits into 4
Function
-allows for mass activation of multiple targets

64
Q

Describe the structure and function of a converging circuit.

A

Structure
-3 pre-synaptic converge to 1 post-synaptic
Function
-increases stimulation or inhibition of post-synaptic neuron

65
Q

Describe the structure and function of a reverberating circuit.

A

Structure
-acts as a loop to act on previous neurons in the chain
Function
-allows perpetuation of a signal

66
Q

Describe the structure and function of a parallel after discharge circuit.

A

Structure
-1 neuron splits into parallel portions then converges back to a single neuron distally
Function
-increases the frequency of the output

67
Q

GLIAL CELLS

A

GLIAL CELLS

68
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
69
Q

What are the main functions of astrocytes?

A
  • provide support (physical, protective(condition ISF around neurons by removing or adding neurons), nutritional, regulate intracellular Ca+ levels in neurons
  • control NT access to neurons
  • insulation to isolate neurons electrical activity
  • maintain the BBB
  • neuronal tissue repair of CNS lesions
70
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Forms myelin sheaths in CNS (white matter)

71
Q

What is the main function of microglia?

A

Primary immune defense of CNS (phagocytes)

72
Q

What are the functions of ependymal cells?

A
  • found in walls of ventricles and facilitate flow and exchange between CSF and ISF of the brain
  • tanycytes transfer chemical signals from CSF to CNS (pineal, pituitary, hypothalamus)
  • specialized ependymal cells (choroidal epithelial cells) cover capillary tufts of choroid plexus and form a unit withe choroid plexus to produce CSF
73
Q

What are the 2 glial cells found in the PNS?

A
  • Schwann cells

- Satellite cells

74
Q

What is the difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?

A
  • Schwann cells form myelin sheaths in the PNS, while oligodendrocytes form myelin sheath in the CNS (white matter)
  • Schwann cells also form individual myelin sheaths while oligodendrocytes form multiple
75
Q

How do satellite cells function like astrocytes?

A

They also act to physically support the neurons and condition the ISF

76
Q

Glial cells wrap around the axon to form what?

A

Myelin sheath

77
Q

What seperates myelin sheaths?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

78
Q

What is the function of the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

enable regeneration of AP and salutatory (fast) signal transmission

79
Q

NERVES

A

NERVES

80
Q

What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve?

A
  • A neuron is a single cell in the nervous system that, working with other neurons carries out the electrochemical impulses.
  • A nerve is a collection of neurons (typically motor and sensory), organized in parallel that are associated with a common region.
81
Q

What is the structure order of a nerve from the inside out?

A
  • fiber (single cell)
  • endoneurium (connective tissue covering fiber)
  • fascicle (bundle of fibers)
  • perineurium (connective tissue covering a fascicle)
  • whole nerve (bundle of fascicles)
  • epineurium (connective tissue covering whole nerve
82
Q

What are the 2 main parts of spinal nerves?

A
  • roots

- ramus

83
Q

What do roots connect?

A

connect spinal nerves to spinal cord

84
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the spinal roots?

A
  • dorsal (posterior) root
  • dorsal root ganglion (DRG)
  • ventral (anterior) root
85
Q

The dorsal (posterior) root contains what neurons?

A
  • somatosensory

- viscerosensory

86
Q

The DRG is associated with the dorsal root and contains what?

A

cell bodies of the somatosensory and viscerosensory neurons

87
Q

The ventral root contains what neurons?

A
  • somatomotor

- autonomic motor

88
Q

The ventral root connects to what 2 structures?

A
  • ventral horn

- lateral horn

89
Q

Where in the spinal cord are lateral horns found?

A
  • T1-L2 (sympathetic)

- S2-S4 (parasympathetic)

90
Q

What do rami connect?

A

spinal nerves to peripheral structures

91
Q

Why are rami considered mixed?

A

They contain axons of both sensory (somato- and viscerosensory) and motor (somato- and autonomic) neurons.

92
Q

Dorsal rami branch to what structures?

A

Peripheral nerves to:

  • deep back muscles
  • vertebral column
  • skin of the back
93
Q

Ventral rami branch to what structures?

A

Peripheral nerves to:

  • anterior and lateral trunk
  • upper and lower limbs
94
Q

Ventral rami fuse to form what?

A

Nerve plexus

95
Q

In the _______ region, the ventral rami are unfused to form segmental nerves.

A

thoracic

96
Q

What are the 4 plexi and their locations in regards to nerves?

A
  • Cervical plexus-C1-C4
  • Brachial plexus-C5-T1
  • Lumbar plexus-L1-L4
  • Sacral plexus-L4-S4
97
Q

Rami communicantes connect ventral rami to what?

A
  • Paravertebral ganglia= sympathetic chain ganglia

- Prevertebral ganglia= celiac, superior mesenteric, aorticorenal, and inferior mesenteric sympathetic ganglia

98
Q

Both viscero and somatosensory signals are carried by a ________ neuron from a sensor/receptor to the spinal cord.
The sensory neuron soma is located in the __________ and reach the dorsal horn via __________.

A
  • single
  • dorsal root ganglion (DRG)
  • dorsal root
99
Q

Somatomotor signals are carried by a _______ neuron with its soma in the __________, from spinal cord to ____________.

A
  • single
  • ventral horn
  • skeletal muscle
100
Q

Autonomic motor neurons are carried by _____ neuron, a preganglionic neuron with soma in the ________ and a postganglionic with soma in a ganglion from the spinal cord to _______ or _______ muscle and _______.

A
  • two neurons
  • lateral horn (T1-L4 or S2-S4)
  • smooth, cardiac, glands
101
Q

Segmentation includes what 2 aspects? What is the difference between the 2?

A
  • dermatomes- region of skin whose somatosensory signals are carried by a particular spinal nerve
  • myotome- all muscles innervated by a particular spinal nerve
102
Q

List the 12 Cranial nerves and their function

A

CN1= olfactory nerve
-carries olfactory special sensory signals
CN2= optic nerve
-carries visual special sensory signals
CN3= occulomotor nerve
-carries somatomotor signals to eye muscles
CN4= trochlear nerve
-carries somatomotor signals to eye muscles
CN5= trigeminal nerve
-carries somatosensory signals from the head
CN6= abducent nerve
-carries somatomotor signals to eye muscles
CN7= facial nerve
-carries special sensory singal for taste; somatomotor signals to facial muscles
CN8= vestibulocochlear nerve
-carries special sensory signals for both auditory and equilibrium
CN9= glossopharyngeal nerve
-carries special sensory signals for taste
CN10= vagus nerve
-carries parasympathetic signals to organs in thorax
CN11= accessory nerve
-carries somatomotor signals to neck/shoulder muscles
CN12= hypoglossal nerve
-carries somatomotor signals to tongue

103
Q

What cranial nerves provide parasympathetic innervations?

A

3, 7, 9, and 10

104
Q

MENINGES

A

MENINGES

105
Q

What are meninges?

A

The three connective tissue coverings encircling the brain and spinal cord

106
Q

How are the meninges and their spaces organized?

A
  • tissue
  • fluid
  • tissue
  • fluid
  • tissue
107
Q

What are the 3 tissues called?

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
108
Q

What are the parts of the dura mater?

A
  • epidural fat

- subdural space

109
Q

What space contains CSF?

A

subarachnoid space

110
Q

CSF is produced mostly by filtration of blood plasma through specialized capillaries called what? In which ventricles are they located?

A
  • choroid plexuses

- all 4 ventricles

111
Q

CSF returns to the circulatory system by draining through specialized capillaries called what?

A

Arachnoid villi

112
Q

What are the ventricles and where are they located?

A
  • right ventricle- located in right hemisphere in all 4 lobes
  • left ventricle- located in left hemisphere in all 4 lobes
  • 3rd ventricle- located between hemispheres at level of thalamus/hypothalamus
  • 4th ventricle- located brain stem at level of pons/cerebellum and upper medulla
113
Q

What connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?

A

interventricular foramen (foramen of Monroe)

114
Q

What connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle?

A

cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius

115
Q

What connects the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?

A
  • 2 lateral apertures (foramena of Lushka)

- 1 medial aperture (foramen of Magendie)

116
Q

What do all 4 ventricles have in common?

A

They all have choroid plexuses and produce CSF

117
Q

What is the flow of CSF due to?

A

pressure gradient

118
Q

List the flow of CSF.

A
  • lateral ventricles
  • interventricular foramen
  • 3rd ventricle
  • cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
  • 4th ventricle
  • lateral and medial apertures
  • cerebellomedullary cistern (cistern magna)
  • subarachnoid space of spinal cord or brain
  • arachnoid villi
  • blood
119
Q

What happens if there is more CSF production than drainage?

A

Hydrocephalus

120
Q

What are the functions of the CSF?

A
  • cushion brain
  • circulate nutrients and chemicals filtered from the blood
  • remove waste products from brain
121
Q

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER AND CIRCUMVENTRICULAR ORGANS

A

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER AND CIRCUMVENTRICULAR ORGANS

122
Q

The BBB blocks capillary exchange of what?

A

hydrophilic substances, does not block hydrophobic substance exchange

123
Q

What 3 parts does the BBB consist of?

A
  • continuous capillary endothelium with tight junctions
  • thick basement membrane
  • covering of astrocytes
124
Q

What are the 3 circumventricular organs?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary
  • pineal gland
125
Q

What is different about circumventricular organs?

A

They dont have a BBB to monitor the chemical composition of blood

Neuroanatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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