Neurotransmitters Flashcards
List 3 common neurotransmitters and state if excitatory or inhibitory? (3)
Acetylcholine (Ach)- excitatory in skeletal
- inhibitory in heart
Glutamate (GLU)- excitatory
GABA- inhibitory
What are neuromodulators?
Examples? (3)
Cause change in synaptic membrane
Longer lasting- slower events- i.e. learning, development
Dopamine (DA)
Noradrenaline (NA)
Serotonin
How do local anesthetic work?
Examples?
Procaine and lignocaine
Interrupting axonal neurotransmission
Block sodium channels- prevent depolarisation
Nociception cannot be transmitted
How do local anaesthetic worj?
Diffuse through mucus membranes
Can act on muscle
What are two types of neurotransmitter receptors?
Ligand-activated (ionotropic)
Metabotropic
What is ionotropic receptor (ligand activated)?
Ion channel proteins
Excitatory or inhib
Open due ligand binding
How do ionotropic receptors/ligand activated ion channels work?
1) Open directly response to ligand binding
2) Undergo change shape when neurotransmitter binds
3) Allow ion influx/efflux from cell
4) Produce quick response
What receptor causes quick response?
Ionotropic/ligand activated ion channels
What are metabotropic receptors?
Trigger signal pathways- not ion channels
Excitatory or inhibitory
How does metabotropic receptors work?
Can indirectly affect ion channel open/close
Tend involve second messenger
Slow
What is main inhibitory neurotransmitter?
GABA
What is main excitatory neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
Where can Ach act? (3)
PNS- neuromuscular junctions
Brain and spinal cord
What are neurons called release Ach?
Cholinergic neurons
What do cholinergic neurons release?
Ach