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NEURO 3000 > neurotransmitter systems > Flashcards

neurotransmitter systems Flashcards

1
Q

what was the first neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine (loewi)

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2
Q

cells that produce and release ACh are…?

A

cholinergic (dale)

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3
Q

cells that produce and release norepinephrine are…?

A

noradrenergic (dale

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4
Q

cells that produce and release GABA are…?

A

GABAergic

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5
Q

cells that produce and release glutamate are…?

A

glutamatergic

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6
Q

cells that produce and release peptides are…?

A

peptidergic

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7
Q

what are the classifications of a NT?

A
  • must be synthesized and stored in presynaptic neuron
  • must be released by presynaptic terminal in response to stimulation
  • MUST BE CA2+ DEPENDENT
  • when applied experimentally, molecule must produce a response in the postsynaptic cell as occurs
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8
Q

immunocytochemistry

A

make antibodies to specific transmitters or enzymes which synthesize the transmitter

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9
Q

in situ hybridization

A

detect RNA expression using a specific probe, labeled with radioactivity to colored or fluorescent product

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10
Q

how do you study NT release?

A
  • test fluid near axons or cells for substance after stimulation and chemically analyze
  • use in vitro slice, HIGH K+ and Ca2+ dependency to characterize
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11
Q

what can be used to control signaling in individual neurons?

A

optogenetics

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12
Q

can two different NTs bind to the same receptor?

A

NO

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13
Q

T or F: each neuron can bind to different subtypes

A

TRUE

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14
Q

neuropharmacology

A

use agonists and antagonists to classify receptor subtypes

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15
Q

cholinergic receptors - nicotinic

A 
agonists = nicotine 
antagonists = curare
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16
Q

cholinergic receptors - muscarinic

A 
agonists = muscarine 
antagonists = atropine
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17
Q

glutamatergic receptors (3 types)

A

agonists = AMPA, NMDA, kainate

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18
Q

ligand-binding receptors

A

use labeled ligands to bind specifically to receptors

  • can be NT, agonist, or antagonist
  • can be toxins or components of venom
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19
Q

molecular analysis of NT receptors are used for…?

A
  • cloning of many receptor cDNAs
  • protein sequencing
  • diversity of subtypes larger than expected from binding and pharmacology
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20
Q

most NTs are….

A

amino acids, amines made from amino acids, or peptides

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21
Q

dale’s principle

A

neuron has only ONE neurotransmitter, peptide containing neurons violate this idea

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22
Q

ACh (acetylcholine)

A

neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction, made by ALL motor neurons in spinal cord and brain

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23
Q

basal forebrain neurons are used in

A

learning, memory and alzheimers

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24
Q

dorsolateral tegmenjtum of pons involved in…

A

forebrain activity in sleep, wakefulness, and in many circuits in ANS

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25
Q

choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

A

required for synthesis, good marker for cholinergic cells

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26
Q

what is the rate-limiting step in cholinergic neurons?

A

the UPTAKE of choline

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27
Q

ACh is degraded by..? where?

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE) i the synaptic cleft

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28
Q

___ and ___ dependent transporter proteins on synaptic membrane

A

Na+ and Cl-

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29
Q

uptake of ACh is regulated by…?

A

protein kinase C

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30
Q

increasing choline levels are used in diseases such as..

A

alzheimers

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31
Q

filling of vesicles is driven by..? which is powered by…?

A

H+ gradient powered by H+-ATPas (2 H+/ACh)

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32
Q

although unsure it is thought that changes in filling are controlled by?

A

changes in driving force OR number of transporters per vesicle

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33
Q

___ affinity for ACh

A

mM

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34
Q

catecholaminergic neurons are involved in…

A

mood, attention, and autonomic functions

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35
Q

properties of catecholaminergic neurons

A
  • ALL contain tryosine hydroxylase
  • are rate limiting
  • end-product inhibition
  • increased Ca2+ increases TH activity
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36
Q

what is present in large amounts in dopaminergic neurons?

A

dopa-decarboxylase

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37
Q

the amount of dopamine made depends on..?

A

the amount of dopa available

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38
Q

are catecholaminerfic neurons degraded in the synaptic cleft?

A

NO

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39
Q

how are catecholaminergic neurons transported back to the terminal?

A

by Na+ dependent transporters

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40
Q

what blocks transportation of catecholaminergic neurons back to terminal?

A

amphetamines and cocaine

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41
Q

when can catecholaminerrgic neurons be reloaded into the vesicle?

A
  • after uptake

- degraded by monoamine oxidase (MAO) in mitochondira

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42
Q

dopamine-beta-hydroxylase

A

present in noradrenergic neurons and synaptic vesicles, but NOT in cytosol

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43
Q

adrenergic neurons contains..? synthesizes?

A

PNMT, synthesizes epinephrine (adrenaline)

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44
Q

where is PNMT found?

A

cytosol

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45
Q

where is NE made?

A

vesicle

46
Q

where is NE released?

A

into cytosol

47
Q

norepinephrine

A

major group of neurons in locus coeruleus, which project to numerous structures (cortex, hypothalamus, and hippocampus)

48
Q

noradrenergic neurons modulate…

A

attention, feeding behavior, and sleep

49
Q

what 3 NTs are removed from synapse and destroyed?

A

epinephrine, dopamine, and norepinephrine

50
Q

major group of adrenergic cells are in the….

A

medulla

51
Q

what is used to identify catecholaminergic neurons in pathways?

A

antibodies to enzymes

52
Q

what medication is used to block reuptake of serotonin?

A

prozac, helps relieve depression

53
Q

serotonergic neurons are important in regulation of…

A

sleep, mood, emotional behavior, and aggression

54
Q

what regulates pain signaling in serotonergic neurons?

A

raphe nucleus neurons

55
Q

how is synthesis regulated in serotonergic neurons?

A

amount of tryptophan in extracellular fluid

56
Q

where is the precursor for melatonin located?

A

in the pineal gland

57
Q

what type of medications are used to treat depression?

A

SSRI’s (flupxetine, prozac)

58
Q

effects of ecstasy on serotonin

A

induces its release to produce sensory enhancement and empathy

59
Q

which NTs are at the CNS synapses?

A

glutamate, GABA, and glycine

60
Q

which is more concentrated by 2-3 times in other neurons or cells?

A

glutamate

61
Q

which two amino acid neurotransmitters are in ALL cells?

A

glutamate and glycine

62
Q

what is GABA synthesized from?

A

glutamate by L-glutamic acid-1-decarboxylase

63
Q

T or F: GAD is present in glutamatergic neurons or glia

A

FALSE

64
Q

T or F: GABA is only made in neurons that use it

A

TRUE

65
Q

GABAergic neurons are a major inhibitory system in…

A

the nervous system

66
Q

where are amino acid transmitters taken up?

A

by the nerve terminal by specific transporters

67
Q

glutamate is involved in..

A

learning, memory, and motor functions

68
Q

most excitatory neurons in the brain are…

A

glutamatergic

69
Q

glutamate synthesis

A

does NOT cross BBB; made from glutamine or glucose and alpha-ketoglutarate

70
Q

how is glutamate packed into vesicles?

A

VGLUT (3 known)

71
Q

how is glutamate removed from cleft?

A

nerve terminals or astrocytes by Na-dependent EAAT

72
Q

EAAT 3 and 4

A

neuronal transporters

73
Q

EAAT 1 and 2

A

glia

74
Q

neuronal membrane transporter

A

cotransport 10,000 times higher than in cleft

75
Q

vesicular transporter

A

countertransport, may concentrate up to 100,000 times

76
Q

most inhibition in the CNS?

A

GABA

77
Q

what are GABA A and glycine receptors?

A

Cl channels, similar to nAChR

78
Q

glutamate is a major ____ NT

A

excitatory

79
Q

GABA is a major ____ NT

A

inhibitory

80
Q

GABA signaling deficits associated with…?

A
  • huntington’s
  • parkinson’s
  • schizophrenia
  • senile dementia
81
Q

what are modulators of GABA receptors? (also used to treat epilepsy)

A

barbitutrates

82
Q

how is GABA packed into synaptic vesicles?

A

vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (VIAAT)

83
Q

how is GABA removed?

A

high-affinity transporters (GATs) into neuron and glia

84
Q

where is GABA broken down?

A

mitochondria

85
Q

what is required as a cofactor for synthesis?

A

B6

86
Q

GABA A and C

A

ionotropic

87
Q

GABA B

A

metabotropic

88
Q

ionotropic channels gate ____ and are ____

A

Cl- and are inhibitory

89
Q

how is glycine synthesized?

A

from serine by serine hydroxymethyltransferase

90
Q

how is glycine loaded into vesicles?

A

vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (VIAAT)

91
Q

how is glycine removed from cleft?

A

plasma membrane glycine transporters

92
Q

what is the antagonist in glycine receptors?

A

strychnine

93
Q

what opens cation channel? (nucleotide receptor)

A

ATP

94
Q

endocannabinoids

A

retrograde signaling, NOT in vesicles, membrane permeable, bind to CB1 receptors, inhibits presynaptic Ca2+ channel

95
Q

ATP

A

excitatory NT in sensory and autonomic ganglia and in motor neurons

96
Q

peptide NT

A

processed like proteins

  • endorphins
  • enkephalins
  • dynorphin
  • substance p
97
Q

where do peptide NTs act through?

A

G protein-coupled receptors

98
Q

nitric acid (NO)

A
  • synthesized from arginine
  • released by some postsynaptic neurons
  • retrograde signal
  • permeable
99
Q

transmitter-gated channels

A
  • five subunits
  • each subunit type has a unique sequence, but are similar
  • each subunit has 4 hydrophobic alpha-helical membrane spanning regions
  • four types (alpha, beta, gamma, sigma)
100
Q

ACh binding sites require ___ subunit

A

alpha

101
Q

amino acid-gated channels

A
  • mediate fast synaptic transmission in CNS
  • involved in many systems and diseases
  • selectivity
  • conductance
  • pharmacology
102
Q

what are the 3 glutamate receptors?

A

AMPA, NMDA, and kainate

103
Q

AMPA

A

permeable to Na+ and K+, NOT Ca2+. activation causes Na+ entry and depolarization, coexists with NMDA receptors

104
Q

NMDA

A

permeable to Ca2+, inward current is voltage-dependent. Ca2+ entry important to many actions

105
Q

GABA receptors are modulated by…

A

benzodiazapines (valium) to increase frequency of opening and barbiturates (phenobarbitaol) to increase channel open time

106
Q

what are the common themes of ligand-gated ion channels?

A
  • multiple subtypes
  • each subtype with distinct pharmacology and electrophysiological properties
  • 4 transmembrane regions
  • binding sites at subunit interface
  • multiple subunits-pentamer
107
Q

G-protein coupled receptors

A
  • extracellular loops from binding site for the ligands
  • G-protein bind to some of the intracellular loops and are activated upon transmitter binding
  • 100 G-protein like receptors known
108
Q

G-proteins

A
  • guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding
  • 20 kinds
  • 3 subunits (alpha, beta, gamma)
109
Q

shortcut pathway

A

binds to ion channels, 30-100 msec time scale, localized

110
Q

second messenger cascades

A

multiple steps, activation of enzymes

111
Q

signal cascades

A
  • slow
  • amplification
  • many control points
  • longer range signaling
  • long lasting effects

NEURO 3000 (16 decks)

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