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nervous system structure Flashcards

1
Q

is the cerebrum contralateral or ipsilateral?

A

CONTRALATERAL

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2
Q

is the cerebellum contralateral or ipsilateral?

A

ipsilateral

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3
Q

brain stem

A

rely center, regulates: body temp, breathing, consciousness, most primitive but essential for life

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4
Q

spinal cord

A

encased in vertebral column, spinal nerves. part of the PNS

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5
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • spinal nerves that innervate muscles, skin, joints
  • soma in CNS and axons in PNS
  • sensory neurons near spine by dorsal roots, cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia
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6
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • aka: involuntary or visceral
  • sensory and motor (smooth muscle)
  • organs, glands, blood vessels
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7
Q

afferent

A

axons that bring information TO CNS

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8
Q

efferent

A

axons which bring information FROM CNS to glands, muscles, etc.

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9
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pairs, named anterior to posterior by GALEN
  • exit brain stem
  • innervate head
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10
Q

meninges (3 layers)

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater (CSF between arachnid and pia mater)
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11
Q

cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

A
  • produced by choroid plexus
  • circulates to subarachnoid space
  • absorbed by arachnoid villi
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12
Q

hydrocephalus

A

water on the brain

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13
Q

computed tomography

A

X-rays with a large amount of computer analysis to construct 3D image

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14
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

excite protons to high energy state with EM waves and measure radio frequencies emitted, frequency proportional to size of field, vary in strength and direction of magnets, use computer to build

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15
Q

functional brain imaging

A

measure blood flow and metabolism

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16
Q

positron emission tomagraphy (PET)

A

use 2-deoxyglucose with positron emitting isotope, taken up by cells, can’t leave, several minutes to scan

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17
Q

functional MRI (fMRI)

A

oxyhemoglobin ratio, better resolution than PET and faster (50msec)

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18
Q

endoderm

A

internal organs

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19
Q

mesoderm

A

muscle and skeleton

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20
Q

ectoderm

A

nervous system and skin

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21
Q

neural plate is apart of which germ layer?

A

ectoderm

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22
Q

neural plate gives rise to…?

A

nervous system

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23
Q

walls of groove (neural folds) fuse to form…

A

neural tube at embryonic day 22

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24
Q

when does the neural groove form in neural plate?

A

3 weeks of gestation

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25
Q

CNS is derived from?

A

neural tube

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26
Q

neuroectoderm becomes

A

neural crest

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27
Q

PNS come from

A

neural crest

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28
Q

mesoderm develops into..

A

somites

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29
Q

somites form..

A

33 vertebra and associated skeletal muscles

30
Q

anencephaly

A

skull and forebrain degenerate

31
Q

spina bifida

A

posterior neural tube doesn’t close

32
Q

prosencephalon

33
Q

mesencephalon

34
Q

rhombencephalon

A

connects to caudal neural tube, forms spinal cord

35
Q

olfactory bulbs arise from?

A

cerebral hemispheres

36
Q

the two cerebral hemispheres arise from?

A

telencephalon

37
Q

third ventricle is a marker for…

A

diencephalon

38
Q

telencephalon forms…

A

cerebral cortex and basal telencephalon

39
Q

diencephalon becomes…

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

40
Q

cortical white matter

A

neurons to and from cortex

41
Q

corpus callosum

A

axonal bridges connect hemispheres

42
Q

internal capsule

A

links cortex with thalamus

43
Q

basal ganglia

A

important in control of movement by cortex

44
Q

hypothalamus

A

many “old” or basic functions, ANS, controls hormones by pituitary, body temperature

45
Q

dorsal midbrain becomes..

46
Q

ventral midbrain becomes….

47
Q

what is the “good landmark for midbrain”?

A

cerebral aqueduct

48
Q

tectum becomes…

A

inferior colliculus and superior colliculus (optic tectum)

49
Q

inferior colliculus

A

relays information from ear to thalamus

50
Q

tegmentum involves

A

movement, pain, pleasure, mood, consciousness

51
Q

rostral hindbrain becomes

A

cerebellum and pons

52
Q

caudal hindbrain becomes

53
Q

cerebellum receives large input from…

A

cord and pons

54
Q

cerebellum is responsible for…

A

coordinated movement

55
Q

cortex controls movements of what side?

A

contralateral

56
Q

dorsal horn receives input from…

A

dorsal root

57
Q

ventral horn projects to…

A

ventral roots and no to muscle

58
Q

intermediate interneurons

A

coordinate sensory and brain information to form output

59
Q

dorsal columns carry…

A

touch information (ipsilateral) to medulla

60
Q

neurons in medulla cross and connect to…

A

thalamus on contralateral side

61
Q

lateral column axons from corticospinal tract

A

cross at pyramidal decussation, innervate intermediate zone and ventral horn voluntary movement

62
Q

fourth ventricle surrounded by

A

pons, medulla, and cerebellm

63
Q

sulci

64
Q

gyri

65
Q

lateral ventricles relate to

A

cerebral cortex and basal telencephalon

66
Q

third ventricle relate to

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

67
Q

cerebral aqueduct relates to

A

tectum and midbrain tegmentum

68
Q

cerebral cortex has systems for

A

learning, speech, sensations, cognition, perceptions, voluntary movement, and integration of many modalities

69
Q

hippocampus

A

medial to lateral ventricles, one cell layer (learning and memory)

70
Q

olfactory cortex

A

two cell layers, posterior to olfactory bulb

71
Q

neocortex

A

only in mammals, voluntary movement, vision, hearing, and somatic sensation

NEURO 3000 (16 decks)

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