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NEURO 3000 > auditory > Flashcards

auditory Flashcards

1
Q

sound

A

audible variations in air pressure

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2
Q

sound frequency

A

number of cycles per second expressed in units called hertz (Hz)

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3
Q

cycle

A

distance between successive compressed patches

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4
Q

human sound range

A

20-20,000 Hz

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5
Q

high pitch =

A

high frequency

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6
Q

which is louder, higher or lower intensity?

A

HIGHER

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7
Q

stages of auditory pathway (in order)

A
  • sound waves
  • tympanic membrane
  • ossicles
  • oval window
  • cochlear fluid
  • sensory neuron response
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8
Q

auditory pathway

A
  • auditory receptors in cochlea
  • brain stem neurons
  • MGN in thalamus
  • auditory cortex (A1)
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9
Q

pressure is forced by

A

surface area

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10
Q

how does fluid move?

A

when pressure at oval window is GREATER than tympanic membrane

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11
Q

attenuation reflex

A

response where onset of loud sound causes tensor tympani and stapedius muscle contraction

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12
Q

function of attenuation reflux

A

adapt ear to loud sounds, understand speech better

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13
Q

perilymph

A

fluid in scala vestibuli and scala tympani

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14
Q

endolymph

A

fluid in scala media

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15
Q

endocohlear potential

A

endoplymph electric potential 80 mV MORE positive than perilymph

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16
Q

physiology of cochlea

A

pressure at oval window pushes perilymph into scala vestibule, round window membrane bulges out

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17
Q

structural properties of basilar membrane to sound

A

winder at apex, stiffness decreases from base to apex

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18
Q

Georg von Bekesy research

A

endolymph movement bends basilar membrane near base, wave moves TOWARDS apex

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19
Q

A.J Hundspeth research

A

basilar membrane upward, reticular lamina up and stereo cilia bends outward

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20
Q

function of outer hair cells

A

sound transduction

21
Q

motor proteins

A

change length of outer hair cells

22
Q

prestin

A

required for outer hair cell movement

23
Q

characteristic frequency

A

frequency at which neurons is most responsive - from cochlea to cortex

24
Q

what type of neurons are present in the superior olive?

A

biaural neurons

25
Q

biaural neurons

A

receive information from both ears

26
Q

encoding information about sound intensity

A
  • firing rate of neurons

- number of active neurons

27
Q

low frequencies

A

phase-locking on every cycle or some fraction of cycles

28
Q

high frequencies

A

NOT fixed

29
Q

interaural time delay

A

time taken for sound to reach from ear to ear (20-20,00 Hz)

30
Q

interaural intensity difference

A

sound at high frequency from one side of ear (2,000-20,000 Hz)

31
Q

mechanism of sound localization

A
  • sound from left: activity in left cochlear nucleus sent to superior olive
  • sound reaches right ear, activity in right cochlear nucleus, first impulse far
  • impulses reach olivary neuron at the same time = summation = action potential;
32
Q

vertical sound localization

A

based on reflections from the pinnae

33
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

axons leaving MGN project to auditory cortex via internal capsule in array

34
Q

tonotopy

A

columnar organization of cells with similar binaural interaction

35
Q

lesion in auditory cortex

A

normal auditory function

36
Q

lesion in striate cortex

A

complete blindness in one visual hemifield

37
Q

different frequency band information

A

parallel procession, localization deficit

38
Q

frequency tuning

A

similar to characteristic frequency

39
Q

isofrequency bands

A

similar characteristic frequency, diversity among cells

40
Q

importance of vestibular system

A

balance, equilibrium, posture, head, body, and eye movement

41
Q

otolith organs

A
  • gravity and tilt

- detect changes in head angle and linear acceleration

42
Q

semicircular canals

A

head rotation

43
Q

hair cells

A

used like auditory system to detect changes

44
Q

what cells respond to tilt?

A

macular hair cells

45
Q

push-pull activation of semicircular canals

A
  • 3 on 1 side
  • help sense all possible head-rotation angles
  • each paired with another on opposite side of head
46
Q

vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)

A
  • line of sight fixed on visual target

- senses rotations of head, commands compensatory movement of eyes in opposite directions

47
Q

auditory system

A

senses external movements

48
Q

vestibular system

A

senses movements of itself

NEURO 3000 (16 decks)

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