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NEURO 3000 > exam 2 questions > Flashcards

exam 2 questions Flashcards

1
Q

which of the following describes immunocytochemistry?

A

the use of antibodies to visualize specific molecules within the brain cells

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2
Q

why are G-proein gated ion channels called “the shortcut pathway”?

A

because they do not involve any other chemical intermediates

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3
Q

which of the following mediate most of the synaptic inhibition in the CNS?

A

GABA and glycine

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4
Q

T or F: dual transmitter neurons are a violation of Dale’s Principle

A

true

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5
Q

T or F: vesicular and membrane transporters both use Na+ gradients to drive transport

A

false

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6
Q

which of the following statements is FALSE?

  • different G-proteins can have opposite effects
  • activated G-proteins can sometimes stimulate multiple pathways
  • G-proteins are attached to the inside of the neuronal membrane
  • G-protein couple receptors can sometimes act as ion channels
A

G-protein couple receptors can sometimes act as ion channels

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7
Q

which of the following is NOT used as a NT?

  • purines
  • nitric acid
  • endocanabinoids
  • all are used
A

all are used

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8
Q

brain slices are bathed in a concentrated K+ solution to stimulate NT release. why must Ca2+ ions also be present in the bathing solution?

A

transmitter release requires the entry of Ca2+ into the axon terminal

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9
Q

what is a good marker for GABAergic cells

A

GAD

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10
Q

which of the following is FASLE:

  • cocaine blocks dopamine reuptake
  • glycine receptors are Cl channels
  • epinephrine is degraded by monoamine oxidase (MAO)
  • all GABA receptors are G-protein coupled receptors
A

all GABA receptors are G-protein coupled receptors

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11
Q

which of the following is true of transmitter or ligand gated channels?

  • selective for only cations or anions
  • have 7 transmembrane regions
  • usually closed until ligand binds
A

two of the above

  • selective for only cations or anions
  • usually closed until ligand binds
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12
Q

which of the following is FALSE?

A

G protein coupled receptors are excitatory

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13
Q

which is correct regarding the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors?

A

ligand and voltage dependent

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14
Q

which of the following is FALSE?

  • norepinephrine is made in the synaptic vesicle
  • dopamine , epinephrine, norepinephrine all can be degraded by MAO
  • tyrosine hydroxylase is required for dopamine synthesis but not for epinephrine synthesis
  • serotonin is made from amino acid tryptophan
A

tyrosine hydroxylase is required for dopamine synthesis but not for epinephrine synthesis

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15
Q

which imaging technique measures functional changes in the brain?

A

positron emission tomography (PET)

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16
Q

which membrane lies closest to the brain?

A

pia mater

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17
Q

axons of the nervous system are described as afferent and efferent according to the direction in which they carry information. which of the following represents an efferent projection?

A

motor output of the spinal cord

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18
Q

the peripheral nervous system is derived from which tissue?

A

neural crest

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19
Q

which of the following is derived from telencephalon?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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20
Q

which statement is NOT correct?

  • diencephalon becomes thalamus and hypothalamus
  • rostral hindbrain becomes cerebellum and medulla
  • olfactory bulbs develop from cerebral hemispheres
  • internal capsule links the cortex with the thalamus
  • midbrain
A

rostral hindbrain becomes cerebellum and medulla

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21
Q

a tract is defined as….

A

collection of CNS axons that have a common origin and common destination

22
Q

T or F: in both humans and rats, the diencephalon surrounds the third ventricle

A

true

23
Q

which plane of section would divide a brain into top and bottom (eyes and mouth in separate planes)?

A

horizontal

24
Q

which is false about CSF?

  • produced by choroid plexus
  • absorbed by arachnoid villi
  • similar in composition to blood plasma
  • all are true
A

all are true

25
Q

which of the following is incorrect?

  • cells form distinct layers in the cortex with the “oldest” cells being most interior
  • neural cells use other support cells to help migrate to their final destination
  • some neurogenesis continues even into adulthood
  • most CNS cells are already fully differentiated prior to migrating to the external forebrain
A

most CNS cells are already fully differentiated prior to migrating to the external forebrain

26
Q

autonomic function, temperature regulation

A

hypothalamus

27
Q

motor function

A

basal ganglia

28
Q

relay center

A

thalamus

29
Q

coordinate sensory, brain, and motor info

A

spinal interneurons

30
Q

such characters are common between taste and olfaction senses

A

both are chemical senses and are required for flavor detection

31
Q

T or F: experience can strongly modify sensation

A

true

32
Q

which is/are true of taste receptor cells?

A

they synapse with basal cells and gustatory afferent axons

33
Q

identify the difference between sweet receptors and bitter receptors.

A

bitter receptor has only T2R and sweet receptor has T1R@ and T1R3

34
Q

which of the following is FALSE?

  • olfactory info can be represented by population coding
  • olfactory system forms a spatial map odors even though not clear how this is used
  • odor quality may be temporal patterns of neuron firing
  • olfactory receptor cells are not true cells
A

olfactory receptor cells are not true cells

35
Q

T or F: there are specific areas of the tongue designated for all the receptors of a particular flavor.

A

false

36
Q

which tastes use amiloride sensitive Na+ channels?

A

salt

37
Q

T or F: G-protens are used in the section of sour, bitter, and umami

A

false

38
Q

T or F: all sweets are detected by only one sweet receptor

A

true

39
Q

which of the following regarding olfaction is false?

  • odorants bind to olfactory receptors on cilia
  • golf activation occurs after odorant binding to receptor
  • Ca enters cells
  • Cl enters cells
A

Cl enters cells

40
Q

odorants

A

increase cAMP

41
Q

T or F: pheromones are detected in animals by different receptors from odorants

A

true

42
Q

which of the following contributes to the pressure at the oval window being 20X greater than that at the tympanic membrane?

A

ossicles act like levers

43
Q

if the basilar membrane became more stiff, what would be the consequence?

A

change in ability to detect sound frequencies

44
Q

**how is sound intensity (loudness) determined?

A

two of the above

45
Q

what is the auditory attenuation reflex?

A

contraction of small muscles to make the chain of ossicles more rigid, diminishing sound conduction

46
Q

which localization process is used for sounds in the range 20-200Hz?

A

interaural time delay

47
Q

T or F: neurons in the inferior colliculus receive input from both ears

A

true

48
Q

without hair cells, we would

A

have difficulty detecting soft sounds

49
Q

which of the following is the function of vestibule-ocular reflex (VOR)?

A

fixes sight on target during body movement by adjusting head and eye positions

50
Q

which of the folllowing is NOT part of the vestibular system?

A

round window

51
Q

phase locking is used to represent low frequencies, and ____ is used for high frequencies.

A

tonotopy

52
Q

why does the composition of endolymph need to be different from that of perilymph in the cochlea?

A

higher K+ concentration needed to depolarize hair cells

NEURO 3000 (16 decks)

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