exam 2 questions Flashcards
which of the following describes immunocytochemistry?
the use of antibodies to visualize specific molecules within the brain cells
why are G-proein gated ion channels called “the shortcut pathway”?
because they do not involve any other chemical intermediates
which of the following mediate most of the synaptic inhibition in the CNS?
GABA and glycine
T or F: dual transmitter neurons are a violation of Dale’s Principle
true
T or F: vesicular and membrane transporters both use Na+ gradients to drive transport
false
which of the following statements is FALSE?
- different G-proteins can have opposite effects
- activated G-proteins can sometimes stimulate multiple pathways
- G-proteins are attached to the inside of the neuronal membrane
- G-protein couple receptors can sometimes act as ion channels
G-protein couple receptors can sometimes act as ion channels
which of the following is NOT used as a NT?
- purines
- nitric acid
- endocanabinoids
- all are used
all are used
brain slices are bathed in a concentrated K+ solution to stimulate NT release. why must Ca2+ ions also be present in the bathing solution?
transmitter release requires the entry of Ca2+ into the axon terminal
what is a good marker for GABAergic cells
GAD
which of the following is FASLE:
- cocaine blocks dopamine reuptake
- glycine receptors are Cl channels
- epinephrine is degraded by monoamine oxidase (MAO)
- all GABA receptors are G-protein coupled receptors
all GABA receptors are G-protein coupled receptors
which of the following is true of transmitter or ligand gated channels?
- selective for only cations or anions
- have 7 transmembrane regions
- usually closed until ligand binds
two of the above
- selective for only cations or anions
- usually closed until ligand binds
which of the following is FALSE?
G protein coupled receptors are excitatory
which is correct regarding the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors?
ligand and voltage dependent
which of the following is FALSE?
- norepinephrine is made in the synaptic vesicle
- dopamine , epinephrine, norepinephrine all can be degraded by MAO
- tyrosine hydroxylase is required for dopamine synthesis but not for epinephrine synthesis
- serotonin is made from amino acid tryptophan
tyrosine hydroxylase is required for dopamine synthesis but not for epinephrine synthesis
which imaging technique measures functional changes in the brain?
positron emission tomography (PET)
which membrane lies closest to the brain?
pia mater
axons of the nervous system are described as afferent and efferent according to the direction in which they carry information. which of the following represents an efferent projection?
motor output of the spinal cord
the peripheral nervous system is derived from which tissue?
neural crest
which of the following is derived from telencephalon?
cerebral hemispheres
which statement is NOT correct?
- diencephalon becomes thalamus and hypothalamus
- rostral hindbrain becomes cerebellum and medulla
- olfactory bulbs develop from cerebral hemispheres
- internal capsule links the cortex with the thalamus
- midbrain
rostral hindbrain becomes cerebellum and medulla
a tract is defined as….
collection of CNS axons that have a common origin and common destination
T or F: in both humans and rats, the diencephalon surrounds the third ventricle
true
which plane of section would divide a brain into top and bottom (eyes and mouth in separate planes)?
horizontal
which is false about CSF?
- produced by choroid plexus
- absorbed by arachnoid villi
- similar in composition to blood plasma
- all are true
all are true
which of the following is incorrect?
- cells form distinct layers in the cortex with the “oldest” cells being most interior
- neural cells use other support cells to help migrate to their final destination
- some neurogenesis continues even into adulthood
- most CNS cells are already fully differentiated prior to migrating to the external forebrain
most CNS cells are already fully differentiated prior to migrating to the external forebrain
autonomic function, temperature regulation
hypothalamus
motor function
basal ganglia
relay center
thalamus
coordinate sensory, brain, and motor info
spinal interneurons
such characters are common between taste and olfaction senses
both are chemical senses and are required for flavor detection
T or F: experience can strongly modify sensation
true
which is/are true of taste receptor cells?
they synapse with basal cells and gustatory afferent axons
identify the difference between sweet receptors and bitter receptors.
bitter receptor has only T2R and sweet receptor has T1R@ and T1R3
which of the following is FALSE?
- olfactory info can be represented by population coding
- olfactory system forms a spatial map odors even though not clear how this is used
- odor quality may be temporal patterns of neuron firing
- olfactory receptor cells are not true cells
olfactory receptor cells are not true cells
T or F: there are specific areas of the tongue designated for all the receptors of a particular flavor.
false
which tastes use amiloride sensitive Na+ channels?
salt
T or F: G-protens are used in the section of sour, bitter, and umami
false
T or F: all sweets are detected by only one sweet receptor
true
which of the following regarding olfaction is false?
- odorants bind to olfactory receptors on cilia
- golf activation occurs after odorant binding to receptor
- Ca enters cells
- Cl enters cells
Cl enters cells
odorants
increase cAMP
T or F: pheromones are detected in animals by different receptors from odorants
true
which of the following contributes to the pressure at the oval window being 20X greater than that at the tympanic membrane?
ossicles act like levers
if the basilar membrane became more stiff, what would be the consequence?
change in ability to detect sound frequencies
**how is sound intensity (loudness) determined?
two of the above
what is the auditory attenuation reflex?
contraction of small muscles to make the chain of ossicles more rigid, diminishing sound conduction
which localization process is used for sounds in the range 20-200Hz?
interaural time delay
T or F: neurons in the inferior colliculus receive input from both ears
true
without hair cells, we would
have difficulty detecting soft sounds
which of the following is the function of vestibule-ocular reflex (VOR)?
fixes sight on target during body movement by adjusting head and eye positions
which of the folllowing is NOT part of the vestibular system?
round window
phase locking is used to represent low frequencies, and ____ is used for high frequencies.
tonotopy
why does the composition of endolymph need to be different from that of perilymph in the cochlea?
higher K+ concentration needed to depolarize hair cells
