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NEURO 3000 > ch. 14 - brain control of movement > Flashcards

ch. 14 - brain control of movement Flashcards

1
Q

the brain influences activity of…

A

the spinal cord

- voluntary movements

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2
Q

strategy

A

association areas of neocortex, basal ganglia

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3
Q

tactics

A

motor cortex, cerebellum

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4
Q

execution

A

brain stem, spinal cord

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5
Q

sensorimotor system

A

sensory info used by all levels of the motor system

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6
Q

lateral pathways

A
  • voluntary control of distal musculature

- under direct cortical control

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7
Q

ventromedial pathways

A
  • control of posture and locomotion

- under brain stem control

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8
Q

coritcospinal tract (pyramidal tract)

A
  • crosses at junction of medulla and spinal cord

- terminate in dorsolateral region of ventral horns and intermediate gray matter

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9
Q

rubrospinal tract

A
  • starts in midbrain at the red nucleus
  • crosses over in pons
  • travels with axons of corticospinal tract
  • role reduced in humans
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10
Q

lesions in lateral pathways cause…

A
  • deficit in fractionated movement of arms and hands

- paralysis on contralateral side after stroke

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11
Q

ventromedial pathways

A
  • originate in brain stem
  • terminate on spinal interneurons controlling proximal and axial muscles
  • use sensory info to maintain balance
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12
Q

vestibulospinal tracts

A
  • head movements and balance
  • from vestibular nuclei of the medulla
  • one projects bilaterally down spinal cord to cervical circuits (head and back muscles)
  • other ipsilaterally to lumbar spinal cord (upright and balanced posture)
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13
Q

tectospinal tract

A
  • from superior colliculus (input from vision, somatosensory, auditory)
  • produces orienting response
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14
Q

pontine reticulospinal tract

A
  • originate from reticular formation of the brainstem,
  • controlled by cortex
  • enhances antigravity reflexes of the spinal cord
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15
Q

medullary reticulospinal tract

A
  • originate from reticular formation of the brainstem,
  • controlled by cortex
  • liberates antigravity muscles from reflex
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16
Q

what areas make up the motor cortex?

A

4 and 6

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17
Q

area 4

A

primary motor cortex or M1

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18
Q

area 6

A

higher motor area

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19
Q

premotor area (PMA)

A
  • lateral region

- connects to reticulospinal neurons that innervate proximal motor units

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20
Q

supplementary motor area (SMA)

A
  • medial region

- axons to distal motor units directly

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21
Q

before motor actions, must have info from…

A
  • somatosensory
  • visual
  • proprioceptive
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22
Q

area 5 receives input from…

A

areas 3, 1, 2

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23
Q

area 7 receives input from…

A

higher order visual cortical areas (like MT)

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24
Q

anterior frontal lobes

A

abstract thoughts, decision making, and anticipating consequences of action

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25
Q

area 6

A

actions converted into signals specifying how actions will be performed

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26
Q

per roland

A

monitored cortical activation accompanying voluntary movement (PET)

27
Q

evarts

A

demonstrated importance of area 6 in planning movement

28
Q

“ready”

A

parietal and frontal lobes

attention and alertness

29
Q

“set”

A

SMA and PMA

strategies devised

30
Q

“go”

A

area 6

31
Q

basal ganglia is made up of..

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nuclei
  • substantia nigra
32
Q

basal ganglia aids in…

A

selection and initiation of willed movements

33
Q

basal ganaglia: input and output

A
  • striatum receives input from cortex

- globus pallidus output to thalamus

34
Q

basal ganglia gives input to..

A

VL nuclues

35
Q

basal ganglia motor loop

A

cortical activation of putamen excites SMA and gives “go” signal

36
Q

hypokinesia

A

increased inhibition of the thalamus by basal ganglia

37
Q

hyperkinesia

A

decreased output of basal ganglia

38
Q

parkinson’s

A
  • hypokinesia

- trouble initiating willed movements due to increased inhibition of thalamus (VL) by basal ganglia

39
Q

symptoms of parkinson’s

A
  • bradykinesia (slow)
  • akinesia (difficulty starting)
  • rigidity and tremors of hand and jaw
40
Q

organic basis of parkinson’s

A

degeneration of dopaminergic substantia nigra inputs to striatum, so no release of VL from inhibition

41
Q

dopa treatment

A

facilitates production of dopamine to increase SMA activity

42
Q

huntington’s disease symptoms

A
  • hyperkinesia
  • dyskinesia (abnormal movement)
  • dementia
  • impaired cognitive ability
  • personality disorder
43
Q

chorea

A

spontaneous, uncontrollable and purposeless movements with fast irregular flow, flicking movements

44
Q

hemiballismus

A
  • hyperkinesia

- violent, flinging movement on one side of the body

45
Q

general role of basal ganglia

A
  • focus activities from widespread regions of the cortex onto the SMA
  • serve as filter to prevent inappropriate movements from being expressed
46
Q

M1

A

lowest threshold for elicitation of movement by electrical stimulation (strong connections to motor neurons and spinal interneurons)

47
Q

betz cells

A

pyramidal cells in cortical layer 5

48
Q

sources of input to betz cells

A
  • cortical areas ( 6 and 3, 1, 2)

- thalamus (which relays info from the cerebellum)

49
Q

betz cells project to…

A

spinal cord and brain stem

50
Q

force and direction of movement is encoded by…

A

activity from several neurons in M1

51
Q

where are all cells active for every movement?

A

motor cortex

52
Q

activity of each cells represents

A

a single vote

53
Q

direction of movement

A

determined by a tally and averaging

54
Q

malleable motor map - experimental rats

A
  • microstimulation of M1 cortex normally elicits whisker movement
  • cut nerve that supplies whisker movement
  • microstimulation now causes forelimb movement
55
Q

cerebellum

A

control sequence timing of muscle contractions

56
Q

cerebellar lesions produce

A
  • ataxia
  • uncoordinated
  • inaccurate movements
57
Q

dysynergia

A

decomposition of synergistic multijoint movements

58
Q

dysemtria

A

overshoot or undershoot target

59
Q

anatomy of cerebellum

A
  • folia and fissures increase surface area
  • divided into 10 lobules
  • 10% of brain volume, more than 50% of neurons
60
Q

vermis

A
  • divides hemispheres

- sends output to brain stem area that contribute to ventromedial pathways (axial musclature)

61
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

contribute to lateral pathways, especially cerebral cortex

62
Q

motor loop through lateral cerebellum

A
  • layer V pyramidal in sensorimotor cortex project to pons
  • potine nuclei project to cerebellum
  • lateral cerebellum projects back to motor cortex via thalamus
63
Q

importance of motor loop through lateral cerebellum

A
  • proper execution of planned voluntary multijoint movements
  • movement, direction, timing, force

NEURO 3000 (16 decks)

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