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NEURO 3000 > exam 3 questions > Flashcards

exam 3 questions Flashcards

1
Q

which cells have axons which exit the retina?

A

ganglion cells

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2
Q

which of the following would maximally excite a green ON center, red OFF center surround cell?

A

shining a green light in the receptive field center

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3
Q

what is the difference between ON-center ganglion cells and OFF-center ganglion cells?

A

ON-center ganglion cells receive their input from ON bipolar cells while OFF-center ganglion cells receive input from OFF bipolar cells

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4
Q

what is meant by the term duplex retina?

A

the retina is capable of both scotopic and photopic vision

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5
Q

how many different photopigments are contained in the retina?

A

four

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6
Q

rods are much more sensitive to light than cones because…

A

rods have a much higher concentration of photopigment

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7
Q

in the light, there is a ____ concentration of cGMP in the outer segments of photoreceptors, causing cGMP-gated sodium channels to be in a(n) ____ state.

A

lower, closed

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8
Q

T or F: rhodopsin is a G-protein coupled receptor for light

A

true

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9
Q

the blind spot of the retina

A

is where the optic nerve exits the retina

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10
Q

the center-surround organization of ganglion cell receptive fields is designed to

A

exaggerate border contrast

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11
Q

why do M-type ganglion cells have no color opponency?

A

M cells receive a mixture of input from more than one type of cone in both center and surround

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12
Q

which of the following is FALSE?

  • ON-type bipolar cells are sign inverting
  • horizontal cells are needed for center-surround receptive fields
  • M type ganglion cells have a sustained response to light and small receptive fields
  • OFF-type bipolar cells hyperpolarize in light
A

M type ganglion cells have a sustained response to light and small receptive fields

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13
Q

how is color vision best described?

A

colors are seen by comparing the relative contributors of red, green, and blue cones in response to light

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14
Q

if you injected radioactive amino acids into the cell body of a neuron in layer 2 of the left LGN, you would expect to find the label in which layer of striate cortex? (anterograde transport)

A

layer IVc alpha of the left hemisphere

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15
Q

layers 3-6 of your left LGN are destroyed. you would have problems seeing?

A

fine details of objects in your right visual field

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16
Q

which of the following is the major source of synaptic input to the LGN?

A

striate cortex

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17
Q

neurons in primary visual cortex can demonstrate

A
  • direction selectivity
  • orientation selectivity
  • color opponency
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18
Q

the analysis of the shape and orientation is believed to be processed in the

A

ventral stream

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19
Q

which of the following is FALSE:

  • magnocellular pathway is used for analysis of motion
  • parvo-interblob pathway is mainly used for analysis of color
  • nonM-nonP cells contribute to the blob pathway
  • parvocellular neurons from LGN synapse in layer IVc beta
A

parvo-interblob pathway is mainly used for analysis of color

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20
Q

T or F: cutting the right optic radiation would cause loss of vision only in left eye

A

false

21
Q

“ganglion cells that are neighbors in the retina have axon terminals that are neighbors in central visual structures” this organization is an example of

A

reinotopic mapping

22
Q

which of following is FALSE:

  • info from the eye is sent to the hypothalamus, pretectum, and superior colliculus in addition to central visual system
  • nonM-nonP ganglion cells synapse in the koniocellular layers of LGN
  • most fields in retina, LGN, IVC are circular and respond best to spot of light matched in size to receptive field
  • all are true
A

all are true

23
Q

T or F: cutting the optic chasm would result in visual loss from each hemifield

A

true

24
Q

T or F: primary sensory afferent axons have widely varying diameters and their size correlates with the type of receptor to which they are attached

A

true

25
Q

a dermatome is the

A

area of skin innervated by the dorsal roots of a single spinal segment

26
Q

a roman gladiator is stabbed in the back during the afternoon festivities. the right side of the spinothalamic tract of the SECOND CERVICAL segment is cut. what deficit would result?

A

loss of nociceptive info from left arm

27
Q

what type of info does the dorsal; column-medial lemniscal pathway carry?

A

touch and proprioception

28
Q

an individual has lost the ability to feel any sort of pain. using your knowledge of pain perception you propose that this person’s lack of pain could stem from?

A

an unusually high level of activity in the neurons of periaqueductal gray matter

29
Q

you touch the surface of a belgium waffle maker. what is the first thing that will happen in your nervous system?

A

APs carried by A-beta fibers innervating your hand will reach your CNS

30
Q

cell bodies for peripheral somatosensory afferents are located

A

within the dorsal root ganglion

31
Q

the sensory homunculus in primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • is an example of somatotopy
  • reflects the variations in innervation density found in the skin of the body
  • reflects the amount of use skin gets on different parts of the body
32
Q

referred pain can be explained by neuronal connections within the

A

spinal cord

33
Q

which of the following is FALSE:

  • warm receptors signal through C fibers only
  • hyperalgesia is caused by release of chemicals from damaged cells
  • naloxone blocks the placebo effect
  • if your nociceptors are active, you will always feel pain
A

if your nociceptors are active, you will always feel pain

34
Q

what type of motor neurons ensure that spindle continues to provide info about muscle length during muscle contraction?

A

gamma motor neurons

35
Q

**the nervous system grades muscles contraction by which of the following mechanisms?

A

two of the above

36
Q

a motor unit is

A

one alpha motor neuron and all muscle cells it innervates

37
Q

which of the following is FALSE about red muscle fibers?

  • fast to contract
  • fatigue slowly
  • use aerobic metabolism
  • present in antigravity muscle
A

fast to contract

38
Q

what is reciprocal inhibition?

A

the contraction of one set of muscles is accompanied by the relaxation of the antagonist muscles

39
Q

T or F: each motor unit contains both white and red muscle fibers

A

false

40
Q

which of the following is false:

  • AP enters T tubules causing Ca2+ release from SR
  • Ca2+ binds to troponin, exposing myosin binding sites on actin
  • gamma motor neurons release ACh to stimulate muscle fibers to contract
  • myosin binds, head pivots, disengage using energy from ATP
A

gamma motor neurons release ACh to stimulate muscle fibers to contract

41
Q

which of the following is FALSE:

  • motor neurons of fast units are larger with faster conducting axons
  • motor neurons of slow units have smaller diameters, slower conducting axons
  • alpha motor neurons receive input from spinal interneurons, upper motor neurons and gamma motor neurons
A

alpha motor neurons receive input from spinal interneurons, upper motor neurons and gamma motor neurons

42
Q

what are central pattern generators?

A

spinal circuits that give rise to rhythmic motor activity

43
Q

which of the following describes how M1 commands voluntary movement?

A

the motor cortex is active for every movement, the activity of each cell represents a single vote for a particular direction of movement, and the direction of movement is determined by tally and averaging of the votes registered by each cell in the population

44
Q

which of the following is a symptom of cerebellar damage?

A

sequential joint movement and dysmetria

45
Q

what is the function of lateral pathways with regard to descending motor pathways?

A

controls the voluntary movement of detail musculature

46
Q

which of the following is mismatched?

  • strategy: motor cortex, cerebellum
  • execution: brain stem, spinal cord
  • tactics: motor cortex, cerebellum
  • lateral pathways: inder direct cortical control
A

strategy: motor cortex, cerebellum

47
Q

consider the motor loop through the basal ganglia. which of the following is the function consequence of cortical activation of the putamen?

A

excitation of SMA by VL

48
Q

T or F: lesions of the corticospinal tracts cause complete paralysis on the contralateral side

A

false

49
Q

which of the following is FALSE:

  • motor map is plastic
  • neural activity occurs in PMA and SMA neurons before actual movement
  • prefrontal and pariteal neurons communicate with area 6
  • all are true
A

all are true

NEURO 3000 (16 decks)

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