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NEURO 3000 > ch. 10 - central visual system > Flashcards

ch. 10 - central visual system Flashcards

1
Q

conscious visual perception pathway

A

retina to lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus to primary visual cortex (area 17, V1, striate cortex)

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2
Q

retinofugal projection is made up of…. (in order)

A
  • optic nerve
  • optic chiasm
  • optic tract
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3
Q

optic nerves

A
  • travel through fatty tissue behind the eyes and pass through holes in the floor of the skull
  • form optic chiasm
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4
Q

optic chiasm

A
  • anterior to pituitary

- axons from nasal retina cross here

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5
Q

decussation

A

the crossing of a fiber bundle from one side of the brain to the other

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6
Q

optic tracts

A

run under pia mater along lateral diencephalon

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7
Q

left visual field

A

objects appearing to the left of the midline

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8
Q

right visual field

A

objects appearing to the right of the midline

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9
Q

binocular visual field

A

the central portion of both visual hemifields, viewed by BOTH retinas

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10
Q

where is the left visual hemifield in each eye?

A

RIGHT: temporal side
LEFT: nasal side

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11
Q

which hemisphere views information from the left visual hemifield?

A

right hemisphere

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12
Q

which hemisphere views information from the right visual hemifield?

A

left hemisphere

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13
Q

optic tract is most connected to…

A

LGN of dorsal thalamus

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14
Q

optic tract projects to the primary visual cortex via…

A

optic radiation

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15
Q

T or F: lesions ANYWHERE in the retinofugal projection from eye to LGN to visual cortex cause blindness in humans

A

TRUE

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16
Q

damage to the left optic nerve causes…

A

blindness in entire left eye only

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17
Q

damage to the left optic tract causes…

A

blindness in the right visual field in both eyes

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18
Q

optic tract connecting to pretectum

A

controls the size of the pupil and certain types of eye movement

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19
Q

optic tract connecting to hypothalamus

A

synchronize sleep and wakefulness with light-dark cycle and other biological rhythms

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20
Q

10% connect to superior colliculus

A

orient eyes in response to new stimulus

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21
Q

another name for super colliculus

A

optic tectum

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22
Q

which of the 6 layers of LGN is the more ventral?

A

layer 1

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23
Q

LGN neurons receive synaptic input from..

A

retinal ganglion cells

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24
Q

the left visual field is viewed by…

A

left nasal and right temporal

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25
Q

right LGN, right eye (ipsilateral) axons synapse on…

A

LGN layers 2, 3, 5

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26
Q

right LGN, left eye (contralateral) axons synapse on…

A

LGN layers 1, 4, 6

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27
Q

LGN layers 1 and 2

A

larger, called magnocellular (M cells)

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28
Q

LGN layers 3-6

A

smaller, called parvocellular (P cells)

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29
Q

koniocellular layers

A

small layer inbetween, receive input from nonM-nonP cells

30
Q

major input to LGN comes from

A

primary visual cortex

31
Q

retinotopy

A

an organization whereby neighboring cells in the retina feed information to neighboring places in their target structures

32
Q

spiny stellate cells

A

small neurons with spine-covered dendrites that radiate out from the cell body

  • in layers IVc
  • axons make local connections
  • golgi type II
33
Q

pyramidal cells

A

covered with spines, characterized by a single thick apical dendrite that branches as it ascends toward the pia mater and by multiple basal dendrites that extend horizontally

34
Q

inhibitory neurons

A

lack spines and are found in all layers

- form ONLYA local connections

35
Q

which type of cells send axons out of striate cortex to form connections with other parts of the brain?

A

ONLY pyramidal

36
Q

M cells project to

A

IVc alpha

37
Q

P cells project to

A

IVc beta

38
Q

koniocellular project to

A

layers II and III

39
Q

ocular dominance columns

A

left and right eye inputs in stripes

40
Q

layer IVc neurons project radially to

A

layers IVb and III, where left and right eye inputs mix

41
Q

IVc alpha projects to

A

IVb

42
Q

IVc beta projects to

A

layer III

43
Q

in which layers can an axon form synapses with pyramidal cell dendrites from all layers?

A

III and IVb

44
Q

layer III blobs receive input from

A

LGN directly

45
Q

cytochrome oxidase

A

mitochondrial enzyme used for cell metabolism

46
Q

Hubel and Wiesel

A

receptive fields in layer Ivc are similar to M cell and P cell LGN inputs

47
Q

which layer is insensitive to wavelength?

A

IVc alpha

48
Q

which layer has center-surround color opponency?

A

IVc beta

49
Q

orientation selectivity

A

most of the receptive fields in the retina, LGN, and layer Ivc are circular and respond best to spot of light matched in size to receptive field center

50
Q

V1 responds best to

A

elongated bar of light moving across their receptive fields

51
Q

orientation-selective neurons are thought to be specialized for…

A

analysis of object shape

52
Q

radial column of cells through which layers have the same preferred orientation?

A

II through VI

53
Q

direction selectivity

A

respond when a bar of light at the optimal orientation moves perpendicular to the orientation in one direction but not in the opposite

54
Q

sensitivity to the direction of stimulus motion is a hallmark of neurons receiving input from…

A

magnocellular layers of LGN

55
Q

direction-selective neurons are thought to be specialized for…

A

analysis of object motion

56
Q

simple cells

A

V1 neurons receiving a converging input from three or more LGN cells with receptor fields that are aligned along one axis

57
Q

properties of simple and complex cells

A
  • binocular
  • sensitive to stimulus orientation
  • direction selective
  • relatively insensitive to wavelength
58
Q

complex cells

A
  • do NOT have distinct on and off regions

- may receive input from several simple cells

59
Q

magnocellular pathway

A
  • type of parallel pathway
  • project to IVC alpha, which then projects to IVb
  • analysis of object motion and guidance of motor actions
60
Q

parvo-interblob pathway

A
  • type of parallel pathway
  • project to IVC beta, which then project to layer II and III
  • analysis of fine object shape
61
Q

blob pathway

A
  • type of parallel pathway
  • nonM-nonP to koniocellular layers II and III
  • color, monocular, no orientation selectivity
  • analysis of object colors
62
Q

dorsal stream

A
  • visual control of action and motion analysis

- extension of V1 magnocellular pathway

63
Q

ventral stream

A
  • perception and object recognition

- extension of V1 parvo-interblob and blob pathways

64
Q

MT or V5

A
  • dorsal stream
  • all cells are direction selective
  • important role in motion perception
65
Q

MST

A
  • linear motion
  • radial motion
  • circular motion
66
Q

dorsal stream uses information for…

A
  • navigation
  • directing eye movements
  • motion perception
67
Q

V4

A
  • ventral stream
  • orientation and color selective
  • important for shape and color perception
68
Q

area IT

A
  • ventral stream
  • colors and abstract shapes
  • some respond to faces
  • important for visual perception and memory
69
Q

achromatopsia

A

characterized by a parietal or complete loss of color vision despite the presence of normal functional cones in the retina

70
Q

prosopagnosia

A

difficulty recognizing faces even though vision is otherwise normal

71
Q

visual perception

A

the task of identifying and assigning meaning to objects in space

NEURO 3000 (16 decks)

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