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SBA passmed Flashcards > neurosciences > Flashcards

neurosciences Flashcards

1
Q

causes of carpal tunnel syndrome

A

idiopathic
pregnancy
oedema e.g. heart failure
lunate fracture
rheumatoid arthritis

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2
Q

The following drugs may exacerbate myasthenia:

A

Pills likely to produce bad quality myasthenia gravis

Penicillamine, Lithium, Tetracycline, Procainamide, Beta blockers, Quinolones, Macrolides, Gentamicin

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3
Q

best and worst anaesthetic to use in patients with MG

A

worst : suxamethonium
best : rocuronium

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4
Q

what test is used in the diagnosis for MG

A

antibodies to acetylcholine receptors

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5
Q

what cancer is associated with MG

A

thymoma

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6
Q

what is the pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome

A

action potential prolongation in both sensory and motor axons

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7
Q

how long do symptoms need to be present for a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome to be made

A

3m

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8
Q

what is the management of a myasthenic crisis

A

supportive care
IV immunoglobulin
plasma exchange

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9
Q

what are the features of Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

oculomotor dysfunction : nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia ( lateral rectus palsy, conjugate gaze palsy)
ataxia

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10
Q

what additional symptoms are seen in Korsakoff syndrome

A

amnesia ( retrograde and anterograde)
confabulation

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11
Q

what is the nature of inheritance of essential tremor ?

A

autosomal dominant

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12
Q

what are the features of essential tremor

A

postural tremor: worse if arms outstretched
improved by alcohol and rest
most common cause of titubation (head tremor)

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13
Q

which medications are prescribed in Parkinson’s disease ?

A

quality of life affected : Levodopa
quality of life not affected : dopamine agonist, levodopa or MAO-B

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14
Q

what are some of the side effects of drugs used to manage Parkinson’s

A

excessive sleepiness
hallucinations
impulse control disorders

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15
Q

what are some of the side effects of levodopa

A

dry mouth
anorexia
palpitations
postural HTN
psychosis

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16
Q

what are some adverse effects of levodopa ?

A

end of dose wearing off
on-off phenomenon
dyskinesia’s at peak dose ( involuntary writhing movements)

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17
Q

what other medications can be used to manage parkinsons

A

dopamine receptor agonists ( bromocriptine)
MAO-B
amantadine
COMT inhibitors ( entacapone)

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18
Q

what is the definition of a TIA

A

'’tissue based definition’’

transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, retinal ischaemia WITHOUT ACUTE INFARCTION

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19
Q

What type of tremor is seen with voluntary movements ?

A

Unilateral tremor that improves with movement

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20
Q

Neuroimaging is not normally indicated in suspected bacterial meningitis unless there are signs of:

A

raised ICP

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21
Q

infantile spasms ( West syndrome)

A

hypsarrhythmia –> EEG
brief spasms
poor prognosis

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22
Q

lennox gastaut syndrome

A

extension of infantile spasms
1-5 y
atypical falls and jerks
EEG : slow spike
manage w ketogenic diet

23
Q

benign rolandic epilepsy

A

paraesthesia (e.g. unilateral face), seizures characteristically occur at night

24
Q

juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

A

Typical onset in the teens, more common in girls
1. Infrequent generalized seizures, often in morning
2. Daytime absences
3. Sudden, shock-like myoclonic seizure
usually good response to sodium valproate

25
Q

what are the key features of MS

A

optic neuritis: common presenting feature
optic atrophy
Uhthoff’s phenomenon: worsening of vision following rise in body temperature
internuclear ophthalmoplegia

26
Q

what are the most common causes of bacterial meningitis in the neonatal period

A

Group B streptococcus , E.coli , Listeria monocytogenes

27
Q

what are the main causative agents of bacterial meningitis in kids

A

Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus pneumoniae

28
Q

what autonomic dysfunction is seen in Parkinson’s

A

postural Hypotension

29
Q

what are the symptoms of drug induced Parkinson’s

A

rapid onset and bilateral
rigidity and rest tremor uncommon

30
Q

How does bone metastases generally present ?

A

pathological fractures and bone pain

31
Q

posterior cerebral artery stroke

A

macular sparing
visual agnosia
contralateral homonymous hemianopia

32
Q

what is the first line management for a myoclonic seizure in women

A

Levetiracetam

33
Q

what is a PICA infarction also known as ?

A

Lateral medullary syndrome
Wallenberg syndrome

34
Q

what is the most common complication of meningitis

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

35
Q

what is the pathophysiology of spastic cerebral palsy

A

Upper motor neurones in the periventricular white matter

36
Q

what investigation should be used to view demyelinating lesions

A

MRI with contrast

37
Q

how do seizures present depending on the lobe they originate from

A

temporal : automatisms ( lip smacking)
frontal lobe : head/ leg movements, post-ictal weakness, Jacksonian march
parietal lobe : paraesthesia
occipital : floaters and flashers

38
Q

when should migraine prophylaxis be commenced in patients

A

2/ more attacks per month

39
Q

what are the symptoms of ALS

A

asymmetric limb weakness
mixed LMN and UMN
fasciculations
wasting of the small hand muscles/ tibialis anterior
Absence of sensory signs and symptoms

40
Q

what remains preserved in MND

A

ocular muscles not affected
no cerebellar signs
abdo reflexes

41
Q

what is the management of acute relapse of MS

A

high dose steroids such as methylprednisolone for 5 days

42
Q

which drugs reduce the risk of relapse in MS

A

natalizumab
ocrelizumab

43
Q

how is spasticity managed in MS

A

Baclofen and gabapentin

44
Q

what are the most common causes of viral meningitids

A

coxsackievirus B

45
Q

______________is the preferred modality in patients with suspected TIA who require brain imaging

A

MRI brain with diffusion-weighted imaging

46
Q

what are the symptoms of Duchenne muscle dystrophy?

A

progressive proximal muscle weakness from 5 years
Gower sign - child uses arms to stand up from a squatted position
intellectual impairment
calf pseudohypertrophy

47
Q

Ivx for Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

raised ck
genetic testing - definitive

48
Q

nature of inheritance of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

X linked recessive

49
Q

what cardiac condition is Duchenne muscular dystrophy ass. with

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

50
Q

what is the investigation of a brain abscess

A

CT scan showing ring enhancing lesion

51
Q

what is the management of a brain abscess

A

cephalosporin and metronidazole

52
Q

what 2 antiepileptics are used in the management of focal seizures

A

lamotrigine / levetiracetam

53
Q

kernig’s sign

A

extension of the knee when

SBA passmed Flashcards (30 decks)

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