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MRCPsych > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Normal sleep latency in adults

A

15-20 minutes

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2
Q

Which stages of sleep are slow wave?

A

3 and 4 (slow delta waves predominate in those stages)

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3
Q

When is there a nocturnal surge of growth hormone?

A

Stage 3 and 4 of NREM sleep

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4
Q

What inhibits growth hormone?

A

Somatostatin

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5
Q

When is the normal dominant alpha rhythm achieved?

A

12-14 years

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6
Q

Where is the dominant alpha rhythm seen?

A

Posteriorly in the occipito-parietal region

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7
Q

What can abolish the dominant alpha rhythm?

A

Opening eyes
Concentrating
Arousal state
Anxiety

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8
Q

Ongoing ___ rhythm is almost always abnormal in adults

A

Delta

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9
Q

What happens to EEG after ECT?

A

EEG immediately shows delta and theta excess but then returns to normal levels after 3 months of the end of treatment

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10
Q

What changes to receptors happens after ECT?

A

Reduced beta receptors

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11
Q

EEG changes in Angelman syndrome

A

Noted by age of 2 - prolonged runs of high amplitude 2-3Hz frontal activity

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12
Q

What does EEG of patient with absence seizures show?

A

Regular 3Hz complexes

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13
Q

Sleep changes with benzo on EEG

A
  1. Decreased sleep latency
  2. Increased sleep time
  3. Reduced stage 1 sleep
  4. Increased stage 2 sleep
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14
Q

What happens to melatonin during REM sleep?

A

Decreases

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15
Q

Which ion is freely permeable across cell membranes?

A

Chloride

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16
Q

Alpha wave frequency

A

8-13Hz

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17
Q

Beta wave frequency

A

13-40Hz

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18
Q

Theta wave frequency

A

4-8Hz

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19
Q

Delta wave frequency

A

Less than 4Hz

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20
Q

What is the dominant rhythm of infants on EEG?

A

3Hz - dominant delta and theta waves

21
Q

Which stimulant does not cause REM rebound?

A

Modafinil

22
Q

EEG finding in CJD

A

Generalised 1-2Hz bi or triphasic sharp and slow-wave complexes

(Earliest EEG finding is more often rhythmic generalised slowing)

23
Q

EEG hepatic encephalopathy

A

Triphasic wave

24
Q

Which stage of sleep do you see K-complexes in?

A

Stage 2

25
Q

EEG finding in antipsychotics

A

Slowing of beta activity

Increase in alpha, theta and delta

26
Q

Which sleep phase dominates in neonate?

A

REM

27
Q

Orexin neurons are dysfunctional in which disorder?

A

Narcolepsy

28
Q

EEG in sub acute sclerosing panencephalitis

A

High amplitude, repetitive bilaterally synchornic symmetrical polyphasic sharp wave and slow wave complexes which occur every 4 to 15 seconds

29
Q

Which area of the brain when stimulated via magnetic pulse reduces depression?

A

Left prefrontal

30
Q

What % of people with epilepsy will have normal EEG between attacks?

A

30-50%

31
Q

Stimulation of which receptor leads to sleep onset?

A

Cholinergic receptors

32
Q

Which wave is prominent when eyes are closed but patient is not sleeping?

A

Alpha

33
Q

What effect do antidepressants have on EEG?

A

Slow beta

Increase theta and delta

34
Q

EEG in generalised seizures

A

Generalised spike-wave discharges

35
Q

Which condition is associated with low cortisol?

A

PTSD

36
Q

Where is the highest concentration of serotonin found?

A

In the pineal gland

37
Q

What is melatonin synthesised from?

A

Serotonin

38
Q

How is melatonin synthesised from serotonin?

A

By serotonin-N-acetylase and 5 hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase

39
Q

Effect of propranolol on melatonin synthesis

A

Pineal gland regulated by beta-adrenergic mechanism - beta-antagonists such as propranolol decrease melatonin synthesis

40
Q

What hormone is increased at start of sleep?

A

Testosterone

41
Q

Which hormones are increased during slow wave sleep?

A

GH and SST

42
Q

Which hormone is decreased during slow wave sleep?

A

Cortisol

43
Q

What is the sleep switch nucleus?

A

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

44
Q

What does the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus do?

A

Induces sleep by putting brakes on arousal nuclei

45
Q

What are REM-ON neurons?

A

Cholinergic

46
Q

What are REM-OFF neurons?

A

Noradrenergic

47
Q

Which sleep stage increases in anxiety?

A

Stage 1 (light sleep)

48
Q

What causes early morning wakening in depression?

A

Increased REM sleep

49
Q

What is a lambda wave?

A

Single occipital, triangular wave produced by visual scanning when awake e.g. reading

MRCPsych (19 decks)

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