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MRCPsych > Basic psychology > Flashcards

Basic psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is extinction?

A

Reduction in a conditioned response

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2
Q

Which 3 things are in Eysenck’s model of personality?

A

Psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticisim

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3
Q

What is incubation?

A

Increase in strength of a response following brief but repeated exposures to a stimulusq

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4
Q

What is habituation?

A

The successive presentation of a stimulus, which elicits a response eventually, leads to a decrease in the intensity of that response

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5
Q

What is stimulus generalisation?

A

Concept in classical conditioning
Conditioned response gets generalised to other stimuli that are similar to conditioned stimulus
An example is child with spider phobia also being scared of insects

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6
Q

What is stimulus preparedness?

A

Humans biologically predisposed to react with fear to certain stimuli - conditioning occurs quicker and more resistant to extinction

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7
Q

Which strategies can improve encoding?

A 
Order and sorting info
Chunking 
Using mnemonics
Imageries
Adding importance and salience to the info 
Using primacy-recency effects
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8
Q

How can retrieval be improved?

A

Cueing

Reinstatement of learning context

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9
Q

What is encoding specificity principle?

A

The more similar the retrieval situation is to the coding situation, the better the retrieval

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10
Q

What does Ray Osterrieth test test?

A

Visual memory

Constructional ability

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11
Q

What are esteem needs?

A

The need to develop a sense of personal worth and competence and the need for recognition by others

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12
Q

What are aesthetic and cognitive needs?

A

Growth needs involving knowledge, understanding, beauty and symmetry

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13
Q

In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which 4 levels are D needs and what are D needs?

A

D needs are deficiency needs

First 4 levels of pyramid

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14
Q

Level 1 Maslow

A

Physiological needs - biological requirements for human survival - food, water, warmth

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15
Q

Level 2 Maslow

A

Safety needs - financial security, roof over head

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16
Q

Level 3 Maslow

A

Social - feelings of love and belonging

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17
Q

Level 4 Maslow

A

Esteem needs - social recognition, personal worth

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18
Q

Level 5 Maslow

A

Self actualisation - achieving ones full potential

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19
Q

Which further levels did Maslow add when he expanded the pyramid?

A 
Growth needs included
Level 5 - cognitive needs
Level 6 - aesthetic needs
Level 7 - self actualisation 
Level 8 - transcendence
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20
Q

What is transcendence?

A

Where a person is motivated by values which transcend beyond the personal self (e.g. religion, mystical experiences, sexual experiences)

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21
Q

Which attention theory states that people can only listen to one physical channel of information at a time?

A

Broadbent’s filter theory of attention - proposed that there is an audio filter in the brain that selects which channel we should pay attention to

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22
Q

Where did Broadbent propose that the audio filter lies?

A

Between the sensory buffer and short-term store (working memory) that prevents overloading memory

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23
Q

What is modelling?

A

Observational learning explained by social learning theory

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24
Q

Which name is associated with modelling?

A

Bandura

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25
Q

What is the commonest cause of long term forgetting?

A

Retrieval failure

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26
Q

What approach are Needs theory and Goal theory based on?

A

Socio-psychological approach which address the cognitive motives behind people’s complex behaviour in the context of their social situations such as work, family and society

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27
Q

What are some extrinsic motivation theories?

A

Homeostatic drive theory
Drive reduction theory
Arousal reduction theory

based on biopsychological perspective which examines physiological motives such as hunger and thirst in animals

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28
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

The principle states that 2 opposing emotions cannot stay together for a long time - one will reciprocally inhibit the other

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29
Q

What part of memory does semantic memory fall under?

A

Declarative

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30
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Facts, ideas, concepts

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31
Q

What is retrospective falsification?

A

Unconscious distortion of memory

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32
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Autobiographical

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33
Q

What is primary appraisal with respect to a life stressor?

A

Individual evaluates the stressor

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34
Q

What is secondary appraisal with respect to life stressors?

A

Individual evaluates resources and options available to manage stressor

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35
Q

Amnesic syndrome is characterised by marked impairment in what type of memory?

A

Episodic

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36
Q

Which is a test of nonverbal intelligence?

A

Raven’s progressive matrices

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37
Q

Which learning principle is operating in compulsions?

A

Negative reinforcement

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38
Q

What is the homeostatic drive theory?

A

Changes in homeostatic system triggers processes aimed at restoring system

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39
Q

What is the drive reduction theory?

A

Motivation of behaviour is to decrease the arousal associated with basic drives

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40
Q

What is paired associates a test of ?

A

Verbal memory

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41
Q

What is habit reversal training useful for?

A

Tics

OCD spectrum disorders e.g. trichotillomania, nail biting, skin picking etc.

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42
Q

Which learning principle is systematic desensitisation based on?

A

Classical conditioning

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43
Q

What is systematic desensitisation?

A

Deep muscle relaxation paired with series of imagined scenes that depict situations that cause anxiety and thus produce anxiety

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44
Q

What is state-dependent memory?

A

Phenomenon in which the retrieval cue at the time of encoding information is one’s internal state rather than the external context e.g. dysthymic patient only remembers memories when depressed not when happy

45
Q

What is a projective test of personality?

A

Thematic apperception test

46
Q

Primary emotions

A 
Anger
Disgust
Joy
Anticipation 
Fear 
Acceptance
Surprise 
Sadness
47
Q

What are secondary emotions

A

Love
Contempt
Submission
Disappointment

48
Q

Is any processing involved in sensory memory?

A

No

49
Q

Memory loss in Korsakoff’s

A

Severe anterograde and extensive retrograde amnesia inc. autobiographical with relative sparing of most distant memories
Working memory and procedural memory are unimpaired

50
Q

Where are pathological features of Korsakoff’s mainly found?

A

Paraventricular and periaqueductal grey
Thalamus
Mammillary bodies

51
Q

Visual acuity in newborn

A

20/300

52
Q

What is primacy effect?

A

Remember first few things said better than subsequent information

53
Q

2 components of declarative memory

A

Episodic - personal experiences

Semantic - factual knowledge

54
Q

What can test abstract reasoning?

A

Goldstein-Scheerer Colour Form Sorting Test

Wisconsin card sorting test is a descendant of this

55
Q

What is a schema?

A

Basic building block of intelligent behaviour

56
Q

What do schemas consist of?

A

Organised past experiences to understand future experiences

57
Q

By what process is information held in long term memory?

A

Elaborative rehearsal

58
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

Repetition of items in one’s mind

59
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Involves more extensive understanding of the meaning of material

60
Q

3 levels of rehearsal

A
  1. Shallow processing - surface features only rehearsed
  2. Phonemic processing - sound features are rehearsed
  3. Semantic processing - deeper encoding
61
Q

Brain region responsible for working memory

A

Frontal lobe

62
Q

What is the cardinal feature of delirium?

A

Impaired attention

63
Q

Which test for personality tests dimensions of introversion-extraversion and neuroticism-stability?

A

Eysenck personality inventory

64
Q

What is a common cause of absent mindedness?

A

Failure of prospective memory

65
Q

Which part of brain is projective memory involved with?

A

Prefrontal lobe

66
Q

Difference between implosion and flooding

A

Implosion - immediate exposure to top of hierarchy without any gradual introduction of anxiety-inducing stimuli IN IMAGINATION
Flooding - same but in real life

67
Q

What is the perceptual set?

A

Perceptual bias that predisposes the perceiver to only notice certain aspects of a stimulus and to ignore the other aspects

68
Q

What is forward conditioning?

A

Conditioned stimulus presented before the unconditioned stimulus

69
Q

Which type of memory cannot be consciously inspected?

A

Non-declarative

70
Q

WHat is non-declarative memory made up of?

A

Procedural memory
Priming
Classical conditioning
Non-associative learning

71
Q

Features of amnesic syndrome

A
  1. Unimpaired immediate memory
  2. Anterograde amnesia
  3. Retrograde amnesia
  4. Unimpaired global intellect
  5. Unimpaired implicit memory
72
Q

What is Premack’s principle?

A

High-frequency or high-probability behaviours can be used for low-probability behaviours

73
Q

Reinforcement schedule in gambling

A

Variable ratio

74
Q

What is reintegration?

A

The process of recalling an entire memory from a partial cue

75
Q

Who proposed the theory of 6 basic emotions?

A

Ekman

76
Q

What is Brown Paterson task?

A

Introducing a distraction immediately after digit span test to prevent rehearsal

77
Q

Memory loss in alcoholic blackout

A

Anterograde amnesia due to failure to consolidate

78
Q

According to Ebbinghaus curve, there is a sharp drop in forgetting over how long?

A

9 hours

79
Q

What is trace conditioning?

A

Conditioned stimulus ends prior to application of unconditioned stimulus

80
Q

What is backward conditioning?

A

CS presented after UCS (used in advertising)

81
Q

What is stanford-binet theory?

A

Intelligent behaviours arise from a balance between analytical, creative and physical abilities

82
Q

Gestalt principles of perception

A 
Proximity
Closure
Similarity 
Continuity 
Symmetry
83
Q

What is sensitisation?

A

An increase in response to a stimulus as a function of repeated presentations of that stimulus

84
Q

What does social learning theory combine?

A

Classical and operant conditioning

85
Q

What is higher-order conditioning?

A

Use of an already conditioned stimulus as unconditioned stimulus for the next level and conditioning and eliciting a conditioned response for another stimulus

86
Q

What is counter conditioning?

A

A form of classical conditioning where previously conditioned response is replaced by new response

87
Q

What is covert reinforcement?

A

THe reinforcer is an imagined pleasant event rather than material pleasure

88
Q

Covert sensitisation

A

Reinforcer is an imagined unpleasant consequence to reduce the frequency of undesired behaviour

89
Q

What is shaping?

A

AKA successive approximation
Form of operant conditioning where a desirable behaviour pattern is learnt by the successive reinforcement of behaviours closer to the desired one

90
Q

What is autokinesis?

A

Phenomenon that if life is shown from a small dim and fixed light source for an extended period of time it will appear as though it is moving

91
Q

What is the phi phenomenon?

A

False perception of motion is produced by a succession of still images shown with fixed time interval rapidly

92
Q

When is depth perception apparent?

A

2-4 months

93
Q

when is 6:6 acuity achieved?

A

6 months

94
Q

What is dichotic listening?

A

Feeding one message into the left ear and a different message into the right

95
Q

What is Triesman’s attenuation theory?

A

Physical characteristics and semantic relevance are used to select one message for full processing while other messages are given partial processing

96
Q

What can test selective attention?

A

Stroop test

Letter cancellation

97
Q

What is priming?

A

A form of learning that occurs without conscious recall of the episode of learning

98
Q

What is a test for anterograde memory?

A

Three words learning task

99
Q

Algorithmic method of problem solving

A

Step-by-step search which guarantees solution but is time consuming

100
Q

Heuristic method of problem solving

A

Uses rules of thumb - more likely solutions tried before others

101
Q

Which of the big five personality traits decrease with age?

A

Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness

102
Q

Who introduced type A and type B personalities?

A

Friedman and Rosenman

103
Q

Objective personality tests

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Questionnaire
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
NEO Personality Inventory
Esyneck personality test (EPQ)

104
Q

Projective personality tests

A

Rorschach inkblot
Thematic apperception test
Draw-a-person test
Sentence completion test

105
Q

What level of process thinking does the conscious system operate on?

A

Secondary

106
Q

What is the conscious system?

A

Part of the mind that is aware

107
Q

What is the preconscious system?

A

Information that is known and can potentially be brought into consciousness

108
Q

What is the unconscious system?

A

Primary process thinking
Governed by the pleasure principle
No concept of time and denies the existence of negatives

MRCPsych (19 decks)

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