Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Which cells are exclusively found in the cerebellum?

Answer 1

Purkinje cells - send inhibitory projections to deep cerebellar nuclei

Question 2

Where are mirror neurons found?

Answer 2

Inferior frontal cortex

Question 3

What is the function of the angular gyrus?

Answer 3

Language - region of inferior parietal lobe

Question 4

What would lesion in angular gyrus cause?

Answer 4

Anomia

Question 5

What type of substances can penetrate the BBB?

Answer 5

Lipophilic - caffeine, ethanol

Question 6

What are the features of left hemisphere lesions?

Answer 6

Alexia
Agraphia
Acalculia
Colour anomia without aphasia
Broca's aphasia
Wernicke's aphasia 
Gerstmann's syndrome

Question 7

What are the features of a right hemisphere lesion?

Answer 7

Constructional apraxia
Prospagnosia
Visual spatial agnosia 
Receptive amusia 
Contralateral neglect

Question 8

CSF circulation

Answer 8

Lateral –> 3rd ventricle via foramina of Monroe
3rd –> 4th via aqueduct of sylvius
4th –> subarachnoid space via foramen of magendie or foramina of Luschka

Question 9

Where do neural crest cells originate from?

Answer 9

Neural tube

Question 10

Where is the ventral tegmental area located?

Answer 10

Midbrain - contains dopaminergic cells that give rise to mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

Question 11

How are neuronal cells classified?

Answer 11

Golgi type 1 - long axon
Golgi type 2 - short axon
Amacrine neuron - no axon

Question 12

What is the function of astrocytes?

Answer 12

Structural support for neurons, forming CNS neuroglial scar, phagocytosis and contribute to BBB

Question 13

Pure sensory cranial nerves

Answer 13

Olfactory
Optic
Vestibulocochlear

Question 14

Pure motor cranial nerves

Answer 14

Oculomotor 
Trochlear 
Abducens 
Accessory 
Hypoglossal

Question 15

Which structure supplies the internal capsule?

Answer 15

Circle of Willis

Question 16

Where would you find the dentate gyrus?

Answer 16

Hippocampus

Question 17

What does the carotid system supply?

Answer 17

Language areas - lesion can produce transient aphasia

Question 18

Which area of the brain is associated with ‘social valuation’?

Answer 18

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 19

What does the telencephalon give rise to?

Answer 19

Cerebral hemispheres - contains pallium, rhinencephalon and basal ganglia

Question 20

What does the diencephalon give rise to?

Answer 20

Thalamus
Subthalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus - gives rise to pineal gland

Question 21

What does mesencephalon give rise to?

Answer 21

Tectum
Basis pedunculi
Tegmentum - red nucleus,

Question 22

What does the Rhombencephalon include?

Answer 22

Metencephalon - pons, oral part of medulla and cerebellum

Myelencephalon - caudal part of medulla

Question 23

What is the function of an endosome?

Answer 23

Recycling of cell membrane

Question 24

What divides frontal and temporal lobe?

Answer 24

Lateral sulcus

Question 25

Which artery supplies most of the corpus callosum?

Answer 25

Anterior cerebral artery

Question 26

What vessel supplies the dentate gyrus?

Answer 26

Posterior cerebral artery

Question 27

What are the components of the basal ganglia?

Answer 27

Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus

Question 28

What forms the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 28

Putamen & Globus Pallidus

Question 29

OCD is associated with abnormality to which part of the brain?

Answer 29

Lentiform nucleus

Question 30

Where is the satiety centre?

Answer 30

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 31

Where is the feeding centre?

Answer 31

Lateral hypothalamus

Question 32

Which is largest of all neuron in the brain?

Answer 32

Betz cells - located in 5th layer of grey matter

Question 33

Which lobe initially affected in Alzheimers?

Answer 33

Temporal - especially hippocampal areas

Question 34

What are the earliest findings seen in Alzheimer's?

Answer 34

Medial temporal lobe atrophy | Loss of hippocampal volume

Question 35

What are lesions of the subthalamic nucleus associated with?

Answer 35

Hemiballismus

Question 36

Projection fibres

Answer 36

Run vertically - connect higher and lower centres

Question 37

Association fibres

Answer 37

Different regions in the same hemisphere

Question 38

Commissural fibres

Answer 38

Similar regions in opposite hemispheres

Question 39

What does the anterior commissure connect?

Answer 39

Olfactory bulbs

Question 40

What is the fornix?

Answer 40

White matter tract

Question 41

What does the fornix connect?

Answer 41

Hippocampus to hypothalamus via mammillary bodies

Question 42

What does the Uncinate fasciulus connect?

Answer 42

Orbitofrontal cortex to anterior temporal lobes

Question 43

Which layer would you not find stellate cells in?

Answer 43

Layer 1

Question 44

What is the predominant cell in layer 1?

Answer 44

Glial cells

Question 45

How many layers does the cerebellar cortex have?

Answer 45

3

Question 46

What are the 4 types of glial cells?

Answer 46

1. Astrocytes 2. Oligodendrocytes 3. Microglia 4. Ependymal cells

Question 47

How is the BBB effective against molecules?

Answer 47

Endothelial cells have tight junctions with high electrical resistance

Question 48

Which parts of the brain do not have a BBB?

Answer 48

1. Subfornical organ 2. Area postrema 3. Median eminence 4. Posterior pituitary

Question 49

Where does most of the brains serotonergic neurons originate from?

Answer 49

Dorsal and median raphe nuclei

Question 50

Where does most of brains noradrenergic neurons originate?

Answer 50

Locus coeruleus (pons)

Question 51

Gyrus involved in face recognition

Answer 51

Fusiform gyrus

Question 52

Gyrus noted to have reduced grey matter volume in Schizophrenia

Answer 52

Superior temporal gyrus

Question 53

Gyrus involved in dreaming

Answer 53

Lingual

Question 54

Excessive dopaminergic activity in which area is suggested as the major pathway in psychosis?

Answer 54

Striatum

Question 55

Where is fusiform gyrus?

Answer 55

Temporal lobe

Question 56

What age does child go through phallic stage?