Neurochemistry

Question 1

Carrot shaped eosinophilic inclusions seen on hematoxylin and eosinophilic stains

Answer 1

Rosenthal fibres

Question 2

What are Rosenthal fibres the diagnostic signature of?

Answer 2

Alexander’s leukodystrophy

Question 3

What are Hirano bodies?

Answer 3

Oval to enlongated rod-shaped, eosinophilic inclusions

Question 4

When would you find high numbers of Hirano bodies?

Answer 4

Alzheimer’s

Question 5

What type of receptors are beta-adrenergic?

Answer 5

Gs coupled - increase adenylate cyclase

Question 6

What type of receptors are Alpha 1 receptors?

Answer 6

Phospholipase C coupled

Question 7

What type of receptors are alpha 2 receptors?

Answer 7

Gi-coupled (inhibitory)

Question 8

What is the precursor of serotonin?

Answer 8

Tryptophan

Question 9

What does tryptophan become before serotonin?

Answer 9

5hydroxy 1-tryptophan

Question 10

What type of receptor is GABA-A?

Answer 10

Ionotropic

Question 11

Which cells produced GABA in the cerebellum?

Answer 11

Purkinje

Question 12

What does the loss of GABA neurones in the caudate and putamen occur in?

Answer 12

Huntington’s

Question 13

What is the predominant CNS metabolite of NA?

Answer 13

MHPG

Question 14

Outside of the brain, what is the predominant metabolite of NA?

Answer 14

VMA (this is why levels of VMA increase in peripheral NA producing tumours such as phaeochromocytoma)

Question 15

Can NA cross the BBB?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

Can NA metabolites cross the BBB?

Answer 16

No other than MHPG

Question 17

Name 2 inhibitory amino acids

Answer 17

GABA

Glycine

Question 18

What type of receptor is a D2 receptor?

Answer 18

Presynaptic inhibitory receptor - dopamine inhibits its own release through D2 autoreceptors

Question 19

2 examples of catecholamines

Answer 19

Dopamine and Noradrenaline

Question 20

Example of an indolamine

Answer 20

Serotonin

Question 21

Which enzyme is involved in GABA metabolism?

Answer 21

GABA transaminase

Question 22

Which are the D1-like receptors?

Answer 22

D1 and D5

Question 23

Which are D2-like receptors?

Answer 23

D2, D3, D4

Question 24

Effect of D1-like receptors on cyclic AMP

Answer 24

Increase

Question 25

Effect of D2 like receptors on cyclix AMP

Answer 25

Decrease

Question 26

Where would you find D1 and D2 receptors?

Answer 26

Caudate and putamen

Question 27

Where would you find D3 receptors?

Answer 27

Nucleus accumbens

Question 28

Where would you find D4 receptors?

Answer 28

Prefrontal cortex

Question 29

Where would you find D5 receptors?

Answer 29

Hippocampus

Question 30

What is the rate limiting step is biosynthesis of dopamine?

Answer 30

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 31

MOA of ketamine

Answer 31

Non-competitive antagonist at NMDA receptors

Question 32

Which receptors mediates long-term potentiation?

Answer 32

NMDA

Question 33

Where do glycine and d-serine act as co-agonists at?

Answer 33

NMDA receptors

Question 34

What type of receptor is a glucocorticoid receptor?

Answer 34

Ligand dependent regulator of nuclear transcription

Question 35

What is released when nicotine binds to receptors?

Answer 35

Dopamine

Question 36

What breaks down dopamine?

Answer 36

COMT | MAO

Question 37

What is MAO-A more selective of?

Answer 37

Noradrenaline and Serotonin

Question 38

What is MAO-B more selective of?

Answer 38

Dopamine

Question 39

What does LSD cause stimulation of?

Answer 39

5HT-2

Question 40

Which receptors may be downregulated after ECT/antidepressant treatment?

Answer 40

5HT-2

Question 41

What does 5HT-7 regulate?

Answer 41

Circadian rhythm

Question 42

5HT1a agonist action

Answer 42

Antidepressant

Question 43

5HT1B action

Answer 43

Aggression

Question 44

5HT1D antagonism action

Answer 44

Antimigraine

Question 45

5HT2a antagonist action

Answer 45

Antipsychotic

Question 46

5HT2A agonism

Answer 46

Hallucinogenic

Question 47

5HT2B stimulation

Answer 47

Cardiac valvular fibrosis

Question 48

5HT2C agonist

Answer 48

Anorexic effect

Question 49

What type of receptor is a GABA-B receptor?

Answer 49

G-protein coupled

Question 50

What is a selective agonist of GABA-B?

Answer 50

Baclofen

Question 51

Synthetic enzyme of glutamate

Answer 51

Glutaminase