Neurochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Carrot shaped eosinophilic inclusions seen on hematoxylin and eosinophilic stains

A

Rosenthal fibres

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2
Q

What are Rosenthal fibres the diagnostic signature of?

A

Alexander’s leukodystrophy

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3
Q

What are Hirano bodies?

A

Oval to enlongated rod-shaped, eosinophilic inclusions

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4
Q

When would you find high numbers of Hirano bodies?

A

Alzheimer’s

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5
Q

What type of receptors are beta-adrenergic?

A

Gs coupled - increase adenylate cyclase

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6
Q

What type of receptors are Alpha 1 receptors?

A

Phospholipase C coupled

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7
Q

What type of receptors are alpha 2 receptors?

A

Gi-coupled (inhibitory)

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8
Q

What is the precursor of serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

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9
Q

What does tryptophan become before serotonin?

A

5hydroxy 1-tryptophan

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10
Q

What type of receptor is GABA-A?

A

Ionotropic

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11
Q

Which cells produced GABA in the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje

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12
Q

What does the loss of GABA neurones in the caudate and putamen occur in?

A

Huntington’s

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13
Q

What is the predominant CNS metabolite of NA?

A

MHPG

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14
Q

Outside of the brain, what is the predominant metabolite of NA?

A

VMA (this is why levels of VMA increase in peripheral NA producing tumours such as phaeochromocytoma)

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15
Q

Can NA cross the BBB?

A

No

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16
Q

Can NA metabolites cross the BBB?

A

No other than MHPG

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17
Q

Name 2 inhibitory amino acids

A

GABA

Glycine

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18
Q

What type of receptor is a D2 receptor?

A

Presynaptic inhibitory receptor - dopamine inhibits its own release through D2 autoreceptors

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19
Q

2 examples of catecholamines

A

Dopamine and Noradrenaline

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20
Q

Example of an indolamine

A

Serotonin

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21
Q

Which enzyme is involved in GABA metabolism?

A

GABA transaminase

22
Q

Which are the D1-like receptors?

23
Q

Which are D2-like receptors?

A

D2, D3, D4

24
Q

Effect of D1-like receptors on cyclic AMP

25
Effect of D2 like receptors on cyclix AMP
Decrease
26
Where would you find D1 and D2 receptors?
Caudate and putamen
27
Where would you find D3 receptors?
Nucleus accumbens
28
Where would you find D4 receptors?
Prefrontal cortex
29
Where would you find D5 receptors?
Hippocampus
30
What is the rate limiting step is biosynthesis of dopamine?
Tyrosine hydroxylase
31
MOA of ketamine
Non-competitive antagonist at NMDA receptors
32
Which receptors mediates long-term potentiation?
NMDA
33
Where do glycine and d-serine act as co-agonists at?
NMDA receptors
34
What type of receptor is a glucocorticoid receptor?
Ligand dependent regulator of nuclear transcription
35
What is released when nicotine binds to receptors?
Dopamine
36
What breaks down dopamine?
COMT | MAO
37
What is MAO-A more selective of?
Noradrenaline and Serotonin
38
What is MAO-B more selective of?
Dopamine
39
What does LSD cause stimulation of?
5HT-2
40
Which receptors may be downregulated after ECT/antidepressant treatment?
5HT-2
41
What does 5HT-7 regulate?
Circadian rhythm
42
5HT1a agonist action
Antidepressant
43
5HT1B action
Aggression
44
5HT1D antagonism action
Antimigraine
45
5HT2a antagonist action
Antipsychotic
46
5HT2A agonism
Hallucinogenic
47
5HT2B stimulation
Cardiac valvular fibrosis
48
5HT2C agonist
Anorexic effect
49
What type of receptor is a GABA-B receptor?
G-protein coupled
50
What is a selective agonist of GABA-B?
Baclofen
51
Synthetic enzyme of glutamate
Glutaminase