neuropathology Flashcards
what can the cells of the CNS be damaged by?
hypoxia trauma metabolic abnormalities nutritional deficiency infection ageing genetics
what cell is the most vulnerable if hypoxia?
neurones
what is the response to axonal injury?
increase RNA and protein synthesis swelling of cell body peripheral displacement for nucleus enlargement of nucleolus break down of myelin sheath
what is the most important histiopathological indicator of CNS injury
gliosis
injury to what cells cause demyelination
oligodendrocytes
what cells line the ventricular system
ependymal cells
if there is is frontal lobe dysfuction what artery is affected?
anterior cerebral artery
where is the most common place for a spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage?
circle of willis- berry aneurysm
thunderclap headache
subarachnoid haaemorrhae
most common demyelinating disease
multiple sclerosis
is MS a white or grey matter disease
white
most common type of primary dementia
alzheimers
decrease in brain weigth and size
widening of sulci
narrowing of gyrus
dilation of ventricles
alzheimers
neurofibrillary tangles
alzheimers
progressive dementia with hallucinations and fluctuating levels of attention
lewy body dementia
there is degenertaion of what part of the brain in lewy body dementia
substania nigra in basal ganglia
progressive disease commencing in middle life with changes in character and social deterioration
extreme atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes
picks disease
what are swollen neurones
pick cells
what are intracytoplasmic filament inclusions
picks bodies
abrupt onset
stepwise progression
history of hypertension or stroke
vascular dementia
what is CSF absorbed by?
arachnoid granulations
where is CSF produced
choroid plexus of lateral ventricles
what causes hydrocephalus?
obstruction to flow of CSF
decreased resorption of CSF
over production of CSF
what are the effects of increased intracranial pressure?
intracranial shifts and herniations
distortions and pressure on cranial nerves
decreased level of consciousness
impaired blood flow
what are the clinical signs of increased ICP
headache papilloedema nausea vomiting neck stiffness
rupture of the meningeal arteries usually leads to what?
extradural haemorrhage
