neuropathology Flashcards

1
Q

what can the cells of the CNS be damaged by?

A
hypoxia
trauma
metabolic abnormalities
nutritional deficiency
infection
ageing
genetics
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2
Q

what cell is the most vulnerable if hypoxia?

A

neurones

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3
Q

what is the response to axonal injury?

A
increase RNA and protein synthesis
swelling of cell body
peripheral displacement for nucleus
enlargement of nucleolus
break down of myelin sheath
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4
Q

what is the most important histiopathological indicator of CNS injury

A

gliosis

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5
Q

injury to what cells cause demyelination

A

oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

what cells line the ventricular system

A

ependymal cells

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7
Q

if there is is frontal lobe dysfuction what artery is affected?

A

anterior cerebral artery

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8
Q

where is the most common place for a spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

circle of willis- berry aneurysm

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9
Q

thunderclap headache

A

subarachnoid haaemorrhae

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10
Q

most common demyelinating disease

A

multiple sclerosis

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11
Q

is MS a white or grey matter disease

A

white

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12
Q

most common type of primary dementia

A

alzheimers

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13
Q

decrease in brain weigth and size
widening of sulci
narrowing of gyrus
dilation of ventricles

A

alzheimers

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14
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

alzheimers

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15
Q

progressive dementia with hallucinations and fluctuating levels of attention

A

lewy body dementia

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16
Q

there is degenertaion of what part of the brain in lewy body dementia

A

substania nigra in basal ganglia

17
Q

progressive disease commencing in middle life with changes in character and social deterioration

extreme atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes

A

picks disease

18
Q

what are swollen neurones

A

pick cells

19
Q

what are intracytoplasmic filament inclusions

A

picks bodies

20
Q

abrupt onset
stepwise progression
history of hypertension or stroke

A

vascular dementia

21
Q

what is CSF absorbed by?

A

arachnoid granulations

22
Q

where is CSF produced

A

choroid plexus of lateral ventricles

23
Q

what causes hydrocephalus?

A

obstruction to flow of CSF
decreased resorption of CSF
over production of CSF

24
Q

what are the effects of increased intracranial pressure?

A

intracranial shifts and herniations
distortions and pressure on cranial nerves
decreased level of consciousness
impaired blood flow

25
Q

what are the clinical signs of increased ICP

A
headache
papilloedema
nausea
vomiting
neck stiffness
26
Q

rupture of the meningeal arteries usually leads to what?

A

extradural haemorrhage