neuropathology

Question 1

what can the cells of the CNS be damaged by?

Answer 1

hypoxia
trauma
metabolic abnormalities
nutritional deficiency
infection
ageing
genetics

Question 2

what cell is the most vulnerable if hypoxia?

Answer 2

neurones

Question 3

what is the response to axonal injury?

Answer 3

increase RNA and protein synthesis
swelling of cell body
peripheral displacement for nucleus
enlargement of nucleolus
break down of myelin sheath

Question 4

what is the most important histiopathological indicator of CNS injury

Answer 4

gliosis

Question 5

injury to what cells cause demyelination

Answer 5

oligodendrocytes

Question 6

what cells line the ventricular system

Answer 6

ependymal cells

Question 7

if there is is frontal lobe dysfuction what artery is affected?

Answer 7

anterior cerebral artery

Question 8

where is the most common place for a spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage?

Answer 8

circle of willis- berry aneurysm

Question 9

thunderclap headache

Answer 9

subarachnoid haaemorrhae

Question 10

most common demyelinating disease

Answer 10

multiple sclerosis

Question 11

is MS a white or grey matter disease

Answer 11

white

Question 12

most common type of primary dementia

Answer 12

alzheimers

Question 13

decrease in brain weigth and size
widening of sulci
narrowing of gyrus
dilation of ventricles

Answer 13

alzheimers

Question 14

neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 14

alzheimers

Question 15

progressive dementia with hallucinations and fluctuating levels of attention

Answer 15

lewy body dementia

Question 16

there is degenertaion of what part of the brain in lewy body dementia

Answer 16

substania nigra in basal ganglia

Question 17

progressive disease commencing in middle life with changes in character and social deterioration

extreme atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes

Answer 17

picks disease

Question 18

what are swollen neurones

Answer 18

pick cells

Question 19

what are intracytoplasmic filament inclusions

Answer 19

picks bodies

Question 20

abrupt onset
stepwise progression
history of hypertension or stroke

Answer 20

vascular dementia

Question 21

what is CSF absorbed by?

Answer 21

arachnoid granulations

Question 22

where is CSF produced

Answer 22

choroid plexus of lateral ventricles

Question 23

what causes hydrocephalus?

Answer 23

obstruction to flow of CSF
decreased resorption of CSF
over production of CSF

Question 24

what are the effects of increased intracranial pressure?

Answer 24

intracranial shifts and herniations
distortions and pressure on cranial nerves
decreased level of consciousness
impaired blood flow

Question 25

what are the clinical signs of increased ICP

Answer 25

``` headache papilloedema nausea vomiting neck stiffness ```

Question 26

rupture of the meningeal arteries usually leads to what?

Answer 26

extradural haemorrhage