anatomy of back and spinal cord, intracranial space and head trauma Flashcards
name the extrinsic back muscles?
these move the upper limb
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
major and minor rhomboids
name the intrinsic back muscles?
these maintain posture and move the spine
erector spinae (superficial) transversospinalis (deep)
how many erector spinae are there?
3 (vertically arranged muscle groups located just lateral to the spine)
where do all the fibres from erector spinae attach?
sacrum and iliac crest
where is transversospinalis located?
between transverse and spinous processes
extension of the back is done via..?
intrinsic muscles
flexion of the back is done via,,?
psoas major and rectus abdominus
how many vertebrae are there?
33
c7 t12 l5 s5- fused to 1 4 coccygeal -fused to 1
primary curves of spine?
thoracic and sacral
secondary curves of spine?
cervical and lumbar
name of joint between vertebra
facet joints
short ligament
connect adjacent laminae posterior to spinal cord
ligament flavum
narrow weak ligament
attaches to posterior aspects of all vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
prevents over flexion of spine
anterior longitudinal ligament
short strong ligament
connects tips of spinous processes
supraspinous ligament
short weak ligament
connects superior/inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes
interspinous ligament
first palpable vertebra
C7
had odontoid process?
C2
where is the atlanto-occipital joints
between occipital condyles and superior articular facets of atlas
where is the atalnto-axial joint?
3 of them
2 between inferior articular facets of atlas and superior articular facets of axis
1 between anterior arch of atlas and odontoid process of axis
what are the 2 layers of the meninges?
from superficial to deeep:
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
what are the 5 layers of the scalp?
skin connective tissue aponeurosis loose connective tissue pericranium
what is the pterion?
H shaped thinnets part of skull
middle meningeal artery is underneath
stretching of dura matter causes what?
the pain in meningitis
tough sheet of dura mater that tents over cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
midline structure made of dura matter separates R+L hemispheres
falx cerebri
does the vertebral arteries pass through foramen magnum?
yes
artery that supplies medial aspect of right cerebral hemsiphere?
right anterior cerebral artery
artery that supplies the posterior ascpect of right cerebral hemisphere? (including visual cortex)
right posterior cerebral artery
artery that supplies the lateral aspect of the left cerebral hemisphere?
left middle cerebral artery
what would you find in the subarachnoid space?
CSF
where is CSF produced?
choroid plexus of ventricles
describe the circculation of CSF?
secreted by choroid plexus
from right and left lateral ventricles via R+L foraminae of munro into 3rd ventricle (midline)
then via cerebral aqueduct into
4th ventricle then
mainly into subaroachnoid space but some into central canal
then reabsrob via ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS into dural venous sinuses
extra dural haemorrhage
between bone and dura matter
subdural haemorrhage
separates dura from arachnoid
subarachnoid haemorrhage
into CSF and subarachnoid space
what is hydrocephalus?
where the is increased CSF volume due to excess production, obstruction of outflow or inadequate reabsorption
when shouldnt you perform a lumbar puncture?
if increased intra cranial pressure
