anatomy of back and spinal cord, intracranial space and head trauma

Question 1

name the extrinsic back muscles?

these move the upper limb

Answer 1

trapezius
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
major and minor rhomboids

Question 2

name the intrinsic back muscles?

these maintain posture and move the spine

Answer 2

erector spinae (superficial)
transversospinalis (deep)

Question 3

how many erector spinae are there?

Answer 3

3 (vertically arranged muscle groups located just lateral to the spine)

Question 4

where do all the fibres from erector spinae attach?

Answer 4

sacrum and iliac crest

Question 5

where is transversospinalis located?

Answer 5

between transverse and spinous processes

Question 6

extension of the back is done via..?

Answer 6

intrinsic muscles

Question 7

flexion of the back is done via,,?

Answer 7

psoas major and rectus abdominus

Question 8

how many vertebrae are there?

Answer 8

33

c7
t12
l5
s5- fused to 1
4 coccygeal -fused to 1

Question 9

primary curves of spine?

Answer 9

thoracic and sacral

Question 10

secondary curves of spine?

Answer 10

cervical and lumbar

Question 11

name of joint between vertebra

Answer 11

facet joints

Question 12

short ligament

connect adjacent laminae posterior to spinal cord

Answer 12

ligament flavum

Question 13

narrow weak ligament
attaches to posterior aspects of all vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

prevents over flexion of spine

Answer 13

anterior longitudinal ligament

Question 14

short strong ligament

connects tips of spinous processes

Answer 14

supraspinous ligament

Question 15

short weak ligament

connects superior/inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes

Answer 15

interspinous ligament

Question 16

first palpable vertebra

Answer 16

C7

Question 17

had odontoid process?

Answer 17

C2

Question 18

where is the atlanto-occipital joints

Answer 18

between occipital condyles and superior articular facets of atlas

Question 19

where is the atalnto-axial joint?

Answer 19

3 of them

2 between inferior articular facets of atlas and superior articular facets of axis

1 between anterior arch of atlas and odontoid process of axis

Question 20

what are the 2 layers of the meninges?

Answer 20

from superficial to deeep:

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Question 21

what are the 5 layers of the scalp?

Answer 21

skin
connective tissue
aponeurosis
loose connective tissue
pericranium

Question 22

what is the pterion?

Answer 22

H shaped thinnets part of skull

middle meningeal artery is underneath

Question 23

stretching of dura matter causes what?

Answer 23

the pain in meningitis

Question 24

tough sheet of dura mater that tents over cerebellum

Answer 24

tentorium cerebelli

Question 25

midline structure made of dura matter separates R+L hemispheres

Answer 25

falx cerebri

Question 26

does the vertebral arteries pass through foramen magnum?

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

artery that supplies medial aspect of right cerebral hemsiphere?

Answer 27

right anterior cerebral artery

Question 28

artery that supplies the posterior ascpect of right cerebral hemisphere? (including visual cortex)

Answer 28

right posterior cerebral artery

Question 29

artery that supplies the lateral aspect of the left cerebral hemisphere?

Answer 29

left middle cerebral artery

Question 30

what would you find in the subarachnoid space?

Answer 30

CSF

Question 31

where is CSF produced?

Answer 31

choroid plexus of ventricles

Question 32

describe the circculation of CSF?

Answer 32

secreted by choroid plexus from right and left lateral ventricles via R+L foraminae of munro into 3rd ventricle (midline) then via cerebral aqueduct into 4th ventricle then mainly into subaroachnoid space but some into central canal then reabsrob via ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS into dural venous sinuses

Question 33

extra dural haemorrhage

Answer 33

between bone and dura matter

Question 34

subdural haemorrhage

Answer 34

separates dura from arachnoid

Question 35

subarachnoid haemorrhage

Answer 35

into CSF and subarachnoid space

Question 36

what is hydrocephalus?

Answer 36

where the is increased CSF volume due to excess production, obstruction of outflow or inadequate reabsorption

Question 37

when shouldnt you perform a lumbar puncture?

Answer 37

if increased intra cranial pressure