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Disease Processes > Neuropathology > Flashcards

Neuropathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are three classic symptoms of increased intracranial pressure?

A

Headache
Papilledema (optic disc swelling)
Nausea & vomiting

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2
Q

What are three treatments to relieve intracranial pressure?

A

Catheter (extraventricular drain)
Craniotomy
Trepanning

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3
Q

What are the three membrane levels that form the meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

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4
Q

What happens when there is haemorrhaging involving the meninges?

A

The small veins which connect the meninges are torn, usually during an accident and blood can leak to this area

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5
Q

What happens when there is an infection of the meninges?

A

Meningitis

Due to fungal, bacterial or viral infection

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6
Q

What happens when there is cancer of the meninges?

A

Meningiomas arising from the meninges or from tumours formed elsewhere in the body which metastasize in the meninges

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7
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Physical support for the brain

Carries away toxic metabolic byproducts

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8
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

Constriction or dilation of the cerebral blood vessels to control cerebral blood flow direction

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9
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

A separation of circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier?

A

Block the diffusion of microscopic objects (bacteria)
Prevent large or hydrophillic molecules into the CSF
Allows the diffusion of small hydrophobic molecules

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11
Q

What does an external post-mortem include?

A 
Covering of the brain
Gyrus patterning
Focal lesions
Herniation
Blood vessels
Cranial nerves
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12
Q

What does an internal post-mortem include?

A

Cerebral hemispheres cut in coronal sections and grey matter, white matter, deep grey matter and ventricular system examined

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13
Q

What are most neurological symptoms related to?

A

Location of the lesion within the brain not the cause of the lesion

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14
Q

What is broca’s aphasia?

A

Can understand language but can not speak

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15
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Can speak but makes no sense

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16
Q

What are the brainstem and medulla responsible for?

A 
Controlling heartbeat
Breathing
Blood circulation
Swallowing 
Urination
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17
Q

What is Ondine’s curse?

A

Congenital malformation where patient suffers from respiratory arrest during sleep

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18
Q

What is the thalamus responsible for?

A

Directing messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex
Transmitting replies to the cerebellum and medulla
Regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness

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19
Q

What is fatal familial insomnia?

A

A prion disease affecting the thalamus

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20
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Helping coordinate voluntary movement and balance

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21
Q

What does damage to the cerebellum cause?

A

Motor disturbances

Can still move but uncoordinated

22
Q

What are three components of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus

23
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Memory processing

Consolidation of information from STM to LTM

24
Q

Which is the first region of the brain to suffer damage in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Hippocampus

25
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to form or retain new memories

26
Q

What is the amygdala linked to?

A

Emotion and fear

Aggression

27
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The largest division of the brain which is split into two hemispheres each which is divided into 4 lobes

28
Q

What are the left-brain functions?

A

Analytic thought
Logic
Language
Science and math

29
Q

What are the right-brain functions

A

Holistic thought
Intuition
Creativity
Art and music

30
Q

What is grey matter composed of?

A

Neurons

31
Q

What is white matter composed of?

A

Glial cells

Myelinated axons

32
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

33
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Memory formation
Emotion
Decision making
Personality

34
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Senses

Spatial awareness and perception

35
Q

What are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A

Processing, integration and interpretation of vision

36
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing

Information retrieval

37
Q

What types of organisms can affect the brain?

A 
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
Prions
38
Q

What are the early symptoms of spinal tumours?

A

Back pain
Distal paresthesias
Loss of sensation

39
Q

What is the difference between a primary and secondary brain tumour?

A

Primary starts in the brain and doesn’t spread to another part
Secondary begins elsewhere in the body and spreads to the brain

40
Q

What is a benign brain tumour?

A

Grows slowly
Distinct boundaries
Rarely spreads

41
Q

What is a malignant brain tumour?

A

Grows quickly
Irregular boundaries
Spreads to nearby brain areas but no organs outside brain

42
Q

What do survival rates depend on?

A 
Type of tumour
Tumour grade
Location and size of tumour
Patient's ability to function
How far the tumour has spread
Patient's age
43
Q

What are grade I tumours?

A

Least malignant
Most likely for long term survival
Surgery alone can most likely correct

44
Q

What are grade IV tumours?

A

Reproduce rapidly
Move to other areas
Induce blood vessel growth to tumour
Have dead cells at the centre

45
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meninges

Caused by bacteria

46
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Inflammation of the brain

Caused by many types of organism

47
Q

What is syphilis caused by?

A

Treponema pallidum

48
Q

What is toxoplasmosis?

A

Intracellular parasite acquired by contact with cat faeces or raw/undercooked meat

49
Q

What viruses can cause encephalitis?

A

Herpes simplex virus
West nile virus
Rabies virus

50
Q

How does rabies travel to the brain and what are the symptoms?

A

Along the peripheral nerves

Violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, mania then coma

51
Q

What causes brain abscesses?

A

Inflammation and collection of infected material from multiple infected sites

52
Q

What is the pathology of Parkinson’s?

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurons

Disease Processes (15 decks)

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