Infectious Disease

Question 1

What is disease?

Answer 1

A dysfunctional state of the body when some aspects in the structure of functions of the organism are deviated from the primary design of the given organism

Question 2

What is congenital disease?

Answer 2

Anatomical and physiological defects present at birth

Caused by drugs, x-ray exposure or infections

Question 3

What is a neoplastic disease?

Answer 3

Abnormal cell growth (tumour)

Question 4

What is a latrogenic disease?

Answer 4

Caused by medical treatment or procedures

Question 5

What is an idiopathic disease?

Answer 5

A disease of unknown cause

Question 6

What is a nosocomial disease?

Answer 6

A disease acquired in a health care setting

Question 7

What is epidemiology?

Answer 7

The study of occurrence, distribution and control of disease and etiological factors in populations

Question 8

What is pathogenesis?

Answer 8

A set of actual mechanisms by which an etiological factor causes a disease

Question 9

What is a parasitic association?

Answer 9

One organism (parasite) lives and benefits for the expense of another

Question 10

What is symbiotic association?

Answer 10

Both organisms benefit from each other

Question 11

What is commensal association?

Answer 11

One organism benefits from another without obvious harm for the last

Question 12

What are the types of transmission of infectious agents?

Answer 12

Respiratory or salivary spread
Faecal-Oral spread
Venereal spread
Zoonoses

Question 13

What is vertical and horizontal transmission?

Answer 13

Vertical is hereditary

Horizontal is within a population

Question 14

What are true and opportunistic pathogens?

Answer 14

True pathogens overcome host defences and cause disease easily
Opportunistic pathogens cause disease in hosts with a weakened immune system

Question 15

What is pathogenicity?

Answer 15

The ability of a pathogen to cause disease

Question 16

What is virulence?

Answer 16

The extent of pathogenicity

Question 17

What are the two general ways of pathogenicity?

Answer 17

Toxicity: Causing disease by different toxins that inhibit or kill host cells
Invasiveness: A pathogen grows in a tissue to such amounts of cell that inhibit host functions and cause disease

Question 18

What is the progression of a disease?

Answer 18

Infection, incubation period, acute period then either decline period and convalescent period or death

Question 19

What are the stages of pathogenesis in a microbial disease?

Answer 19

Entry
Attachment
Infection
Symptoms and signs of the disease

Question 20

What are the ports of entry of microbes into the body?

Answer 20

Skin
Respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Urinogenital tract
Conjunctiva
Placenta

Question 21

What are the pathogen factors affecting pathogenesis?

Answer 21

Virulence factors

Special adaptations

Question 22

What are the host factors affecting pathogenesis?

Answer 22

Age
Stress
Genetic factors

Question 23

What are the environmental factors affecting pathogenesis?

Answer 23

UV
Temperature
Inorganic and organic substances

Question 24

What are the pathogen virulence factors?

Answer 24

Extracellular proteins
Polysaccharide capsule
Toxins

Question 25

What are exotoxins?

Answer 25

Toxic extracellular proteins secreted by gram +ve and -ve bacteria

Question 26

What are enterotoxins?

Answer 26

Cause gastrointestinal distress when ingested, leading to vomiting and diarrhoea

Question 27

What are endotoxins?

Answer 27

Toxins that are located inside of the bacterial cell