Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A

A collection of different diseases

A malignant growth

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2
Q

What are the main characteristics of cancer?

A

Uncontrolled growth
Disrupted balance between cell division and differentiation
Disrupted balance between cell survival and apoptosis
Invasion and metastasis

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3
Q

What is a tumour?

A

An abnormal mass of cells, benign and malignant growth

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4
Q

What is a primary tumour?

A

Tumour at the initial site

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5
Q

What is a secondary tumour?

A

Tumour that spreads to other tissues and organs

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6
Q

What is carcinogenesis?

A

The process by which a normal cell is transformed into a malignant cell and repeatedly divides to become a cancer

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7
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

Formation of an abnormal mass of proliferating cells

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8
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Lack of differentiation in neoplastic cells

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9
Q

What is aplasia?

A

Defective development resulting in the absence of all or part of an organ or tissue

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10
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

One differentiated cell type changing into another mature differentiated cell type

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11
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Abnormality of development

Alteration in size and shape and organisation of adult cells

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12
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

Underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ

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13
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

The proliferation of cells within an organ or tissue beyond normal
Gross enlargement
Benign tumour

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14
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in cell size but not number

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15
Q

What is atrophy?

A

A decrease in the size of an organ caused by disease or disuse

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16
Q

What are the 3 risk factors of developing cancer?

A

Age
Lifestyle
Genetics

17
Q

What are more than 40% of all cancers linked to?

A
Smoking
Alcohol
Diet
Overweight
Inactivity
Infection
Radiation
Occupation
Hormones
18
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Genes associated with the stimulation of cell division

Cancers result from only one mutant allele of a gene

19
Q

What are tumour suppressor genes?

A

Genes associated with inhibition of cell division
Cancers require both alleles of the gene to be altered
Anti-oncogenes

20
Q

What are three examples of oncogenes?

A

HER-2/neu
RAS
MYC

21
Q

What are three examples of tumour suppressor genes?

A

p53
Rb
APC

22
Q

What are the different cancer types?

A
Teratoma
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Leukaemia and Lymphoma
Blastoma
23
Q

How is cancer diagnosed?

A
Typical signs
Screening
Routing investigation
Imaging methods
Fibre optic scope
Special investigations
Surgical biopsy
Genetic testing
24
Q

How is cancer treatment determined?

A

How aggressive the tumour is
Mortability of patients from treatment procedures
Cure rate of treatment procedure

25
Q

How is survival measured?

A

5 year survival with no recurrence

26
Q

How is cancer treated?

A
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Bone marrow transplants
Immunotherapy
Gene therapy
Hormone therapy