Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Disease Processes > Immune Disorders > Flashcards

Immune Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

A reaction due to an exaggerated or inappropriate adaptive immune response to an antigen/immunogen causing tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many hypersensitivity reactions are there?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions?

A 
Immediate (type I)
Cytotoxic (type II)
Complex mediated (type III)
Delayed (type IV)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is immediate hypersensitivity?

A

An immediate reaction after contact with an immunogen (allergen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

A generalised type I reaction, leading to vasodilation and constriction of bronchial smooth muscle that can result in death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which antibody mediates type I hypersensitivity?

A

Ig E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an allergen and give examples?

A

An immunogen that causes an allergy

EG. pollen, animal dander and drugs like penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the type of mast cell granules?

A

Histamine
Eosinophil chemotactic factor
Neutrophil chemotactic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is type II hypersensitivity?

A

Antibodies are directed against antigens on the surface of specific cells or tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What antibodies mediate type II hypersensitivity

A

Ig M

Ig G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the consequences of an antibody binding to an antigen?

A

Complement activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does compliment activation lead to?

A

Cell lysis
Deposition of complement components (opsonisation)
Macrophage and neutrophil activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some examples of type II hypersensitivity?

A

Blood transfusion
Hyperacute graft rejection
Haemolytic disease of newborns
Goodpasture’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is haemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

Rhesus incompatibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the effects of rhesus incompatibility

A

Spontaneous abortion

Born with mild jaundice or HDN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is type III hypersensitivity?

A

Antibodies are directed against soluble antigens in serum
Can also be directed against widely distributed antigen
Deposited antigen-antibody complexes then lead to damage in affect organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some examples of type III hypersensitivity?

A

Persistent infections where antibodies are formed against microbial agents (Chronic hep B)
Autoimmunity where antibodies formed against self antigens and immune complexes

18
Q

What are the nature of immune complexes?

A

Can be precipitates which cause problems locally

Can be soluble, which cause problems mainly in kidney, blood vessels and joints

19
Q

What is intrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

An occupational disease due to inhalation of immunogenic proteins or spores

20
Q

What are examples of intrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

Farmer’s lung
Mushroom worker disease
Coffee worker disease

21
Q

What is Farmer’s lung?

A

Mild cough that progresses into emphysema
Sensitisation to spores of thermophilic actinomycetes which grow in damp hay
Years of exposure lead to high levels of Ig G
Immune complexes then precipitate in lungs

22
Q

How does precipitate in farmers lung cause emphysema?

A

Complement activates
Initiates inflammation
Destroys alveolar tissue
Fibrosis (tissue repair)

23
Q

What is the treatment for Farmer’s lung?

A

Early diagnosis
Avoidance
Corticosteroids

24
Q

What is serum sickness?

A

Sickness following treatment of an active infection with antibodies
For example, treating diptheria using serum from a horse immunised against diptheria

25
Q

How long does it take to develop serum sickness symptoms and what are they?

A 
7 days
Weakness
Pains
Fever
Rash
Oedema
26
Q

How long does it take for type IV hypersensitivity reactions to occur?

A

72 hours to weeks

27
Q

What is contact hypersensitivity mediated by?

A

T lymphocytes

Macrophages

28
Q

What is contact hypersensitivity?

A

Dermatitis caused by exposure to biological stains, hair dye, poison ivy, nickel salts and mercuric salts (tattoos)

29
Q

What is the treatment for type IV hypersensitivity?

A

Avoidance
Corticosteroid creams
Desensitisation

30
Q

What is sensitisation

A

Initial contact leading to a cell mediated immune response

31
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

A breakdown of self tolerance

32
Q

What is self tolerance?

A

Failure to respond to self antigens

33
Q

What are two types of self tolerance?

A

Central tolerance

Peripheral tolerance

34
Q

What is self tolerance?

A

Deletion of self reactive T cells

35
Q

What is peripheral tolerance?

A

Clonal anergy
Deletion
Active suppression
Presence of autoreactive B cells

36
Q

What causes the stimulation of self reactive lymphocytes?

A

Failure to eliminate self reactive lymphocytes
Failure of suppression
Occur after microbial infections

37
Q

What are the two types of autoimmunity?

A

Organ specific

Systemic

38
Q

What is organ specific autoimmunity?

A

Auto antigen localised to one organ

39
Q

What factors influence susceptibility to autoimmunity?

A

Genetics
Environment
Hormonal

40
Q

What are the two types of immunodeficiency?

A

Primary

Acquired/secondary

41
Q

What is primary immunodeficiency?

A

T cell defect
B cell defect
Phagocytosis defect
Complement defect

42
Q

What causes secondary immunodeficiency?

A

Malnutrition
Treatment (X-rays)
Infection (HIV)

Disease Processes (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions