neurons Flashcards
what is sensory input?
sensory receptors gather information from the environment and send it to the brain
what is integration?
the brain processes and understands the sensory input and decides what should be done in response
what is motor output?
messages are sent from the brain to the muscles or glands to cause a response
divisions of the nervous system: includes cranial and spinal nerves
peripheral nervous system
divisions of the nervous system: includes brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
divisions of the nervous system: sends messages from the brain to the muscles using motor neurons
motor division
divisions of the nervous system: sends messages from the senses to the brain using sensory neurons
sensory division
divisions of the nervous system: motor neurons send messages from the brain to involuntary muscles
autonomic nervous system
divisions of the nervous system: motor neurons send messages from the brain to voluntary muscles
somatic nervous system
divisions of the nervous system: fight or flight
sympathetic division
divisions of the nervous system: rest and digest
parasympathetic division
what are the two largest divisions of the nervous system?
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
which organs are found in the central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for understanding sensory input and controlling motor output?
motor division
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for delivering sensory input from the outside world to the brain?
sensory division
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for delivering motor output from the brain to the muscles?
motor division
Which type of neuron sends messages from the senses to the brain?
sensory neurons
Which type of neuron sends messages from the brain to the muscles?
motor neurons
The motor and sensory divisions are subdivisions of which nervous system?
peripheral nervous system
The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are subdivisions of which division?
motor division
The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are subdivisions of the motor division and are in which nervous system?
peripheral nervous system
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of which nervous system?
autonomic nervous system
Which divisions of the nervous system use motor neurons to send messages from the central nervous system?
motor division of the PNS; autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
Which divisions of the nervous system use sensory neurons to send messages to the central nervous system?
sensory division of the PNS
Which division of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements?
somatic nervous system
Which division of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for involuntary movements?
autonomic nervous system
Anatomy of a neuron: receive impulses from previous neurons; short and highly branched
dendrites
Anatomy of a neuron: where the axon joins the cell body
axon hillock
Anatomy of a neuron: lipid layer; insulates the axon; speeds up the transition of action potentials along the axon
myelin sheath
Anatomy of a neuron: gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon; impulses “skip” to them
nodes of ranvier
Anatomy of a neuron: store neurotransmitters that are released into the synapse due to impulses
synaptic end bulbs
Anatomy in a neuron: located in center of cell body
nucleus
Anatomy in a neuron: contains organelles; produces proteins and molecules needed to send/receive impulses
cell body (also known as the soma)
Anatomy in a neuron: produce the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system
schwann
Anatomy in a neuron: carries impulses away from the soma and toward the next neuron
axon
Anatomy in a neuron: fine projections at the end of an axon that pass the impulse to the next neuron
axon terminals
define structural classification
based on the number of processes extending from the soma
structural classification: have many processes; one axon and multiple
dendrites; most common type of neuron
multipolar
structural classification: have two processes; one branching axon and one dendrite; very rare; only found in special sense organs (eye)
bipolar
structural classification: have only one process - an axon; mainly found in the peripheral nervous system
unipolar
define functional classification
based on the direction that the message travels through the neuron in relation to the CNS
functional classification: also known as afferent neurons; carry impulses from the sensory receptors in the skin or sense organs to the CNS; usually unipolar
sensory
functional classification: also known as efferent neurons; carry impulses from the CNS to the muscles or glands; usually multipolar
motor
functional classification: also known as association neurons; transmit impulses within the CNS; over 99% of neurons in the body; usually multipolar
interneurons
