Neurology Flashcards
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, acoustic, glossopharyngeal, Vegas, spinal accessory, hypoglossal
What are some of the most causative agents of bacterial meningitis in infants?
Group b strep, s pneumonia, h influenza
What are iris Lisch nodules?
Black spots in the iris
What kind of seizures are described as a sudden increase in muscle tone producing a number of characteristic postures, consciousness is usually partially or completely lost?
Tonic seizures
What three cranial nerves are involved with eye movement?
3 4 and 6 or ocular motor, trochlear, abducens
What age range of infants are at the highest risk of bacterial meningitis?
6 to 12 months
What type of seizures are focal origin such as one hemisphere and can be described as either simple or complex?
Partial seizures
What disorder is characterized by brief, abrupt, non-purposeful movements or utterances?
Tick disorders such as tourette syndrome
What kind of seizures cause a sudden loss of consciousness with arrested respirations, urinary and/or fecal incontinence may occur, in the post-opital state is characterized by deep sleep, headache, disorientation, muscles comfort and nausea that can last minutes to hours?
Tonic clonic or grand mal
What mechanism of headache pain causes the head and neck muscles to contract such as from tension or psychogenic headaches?
muscular contraction
What medications are used to stop acute convulsive seizure attacks?
Lorazepam or other benzodiazepines such as Valium
What cranial nerve deals with smell?
One or olfactory
What mechanism of headache pain causes cranial artery distention resulting often from migraine fevers or systemic infection?
Vascular dilation
What is the age that separates migraines with aura and migraine without a?
10 years old
For seizures in adolescence what STD should be tested for?
Syphilis
What kind of headache is due to dilation and excessive pulsation of branches of the external carotid artery?
Migraines
What cranial nerve moves the face, closes the mouth and eyes, deals with taste on the front, saliva and tear secretion?
Facial or 7
What type of meningitis is most common in infants?
Viral meningitis
What is the diagnostic criteria of neurofibromatosis?
Must have at least two: six or more CLS spots greater than five millimeters in a prepubital child or 15 mm in a post-pubertal child; two or more cutaneous neurofibromas; axillary or inguinal freckling; two or more iris Lisch nodules; distinctive ossius lesions; present in a first-degree relative
What are some signs or symptoms of brain tumors in children?
Headache in the morning followed by vomiting, seizures, head tilt, behavioral changes, loss of developmental milestones
What cranial nerve deals with phonation, gag reflex, carotid reflex swallowing, and taste in the back of the mouth?
Glossopharyngeal or 9
What is the management of neurofibromatosis?
Refer to neurology
what cranial nerve deals with the muscles of mastication and the sensation of the face, scalp, cornea, mucous membranes, and knows?
Trigeminal or 5
What is the most common location of brain tumors in children?
Infra tutorial or brain stem tumors
What are risk factors for female seizures?
Family history of sea disorder, tobacco use my mother during pregnancy, prematurity, frequent infections in the first year
What four changes occur in the CSF of a patient with meningitis?
Cloudy, WBC’s present, increase protein, decrease glucose
What is von Recallinghausen disease?
Neurofibromatosis
What type of seizures are typically described as head drop seizures caused by seven loss in muscle tone?
Atonic seizures
What is the peak incidence of a febrile seizures?
1 and 3 years of age
What kind of parcel seizure causes impaired consciousness?
Complex partial seizures
Meningitis maneuvers: involuntary flexion of legs when neck is flexed?
Brudzinkis sign
Describe an abdominal migraine
Episodic abdominal pain with nausea, vomiting followed or accompanied by headache
What are some common signs of meningitis in older infants and children?
nuchal rigidity, photophobia, irritability, nausea, vomiting
What cranial nerve deals with movement of trapezius and Sterno mastoid muscles?
Spinal accessory or 11
What are two types of tic disorders?
Simple and complex motor tics
Simple motor ticks and complex motor tics such as copropraxia (obscene gestures or writing) and vocal tics
What medications are best for management of acute migraine attacks?
Triptans
What are some Hallmark signs of meningitis in newborns and young infants?
Irritability or lethargy, bulging fontanelle, vomiting, poor feeding
Meningitis maneuvers: flexion of the hip at 90° with the knee bent causes pain on extension of the leg?
Kernig’s sign
What cranial nerve deals with talking, swallowing, general sensation from the carotid body, and carotid reflux?
Vagus or 10
What cranial nerve deals with hearing and equilibrium?
Acoustic or 8
In an afebrile atient with headaches what are some worrying causes?
Space occupying lesions, hydrocephalus, hemorrhage, cerebral ischemia
How do most female seizures present?
Tonic clinic lasting less than 5 minutes
What are the two general categories of seizures?
Partial seizures and generalized seizures
What type of seizures are often described as staring episodes, with very brief onset and termination, and always begin in childhood?
Absence seizures, or petit mal seizures
What kind of partial seizure causes no loss of consciousness?
Simple partial seizure
How are brain tumors diagnosed?
CT scan
What cranial nerve deals with vision?
Two or optic
What are the two general categories of seizures?
Partial seizures and generalized seizures
What type of seizures are bilateral, involving both hemispheres?
Generalized seizures
What mechanism of a headache pain is caused by space occupying lesions such as brain tumors abscesses or hematomas?
Traction
What are the two categories of migraine headache?s
Migraine with aura and migraine without aura
What cranial nerve moves the tongue?
Hypoglossal or 12
Describe a confusional migraine.
No common in younger children, period of confusion disorientation followed by vomiting and deep sleep, headache may not be described
And what mechanism of headache pain is caused by infection such as in meningitis or sinusitis?
Inflammation
What is the most common age of brain tumors in children?
4 to 11 years
