Endocrine

Question 1

What is the most common disease of hypothyroidism?

Answer 1

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 2

What are distinguishing features of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 2

A canthosis Niagara cans, recurrent vaginitis and women, more insidious onset

Question 3

How is congenital hypothyroidism typically detected?

Answer 3

On a newborn screen or through symptoms such as lethargy, poor feeding, large fontanelle, and hypotonia

Question 4

What is the most common disease of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 4

Graves’ disease

Question 5

What are some risk factors for diabetes 2 that could call for screening?

Answer 5

Family history, race or ethnicity; signs of insulin resistance such as a cancosis nigricans, hypertension, disobedime, PCOS;

Question 6

What are two normal variants causing short stature?

Answer 6

Familial genetic variant and constitutional delay or bone age is consistent with height age

Question 7

What type of diabetes mellitus produces ketosis in the untreated state?

Answer 7

Type 1

Question 8

What are some good lab or diagnostic studies to complete when evaluating short stature?

Answer 8

Bone age, thyroid function test, growth hormone, sweat test

Question 9

What is the pathophysiology of hypothyroidism?

Answer 9

The thyroid is unable to release t3 and t4 so the negative feedback loop causes the anterior pituitary to release more TSH in a failed attempt to cause the thyroid to release more t3 and t4

Question 10

What are two disorders that cause disproportionate stature?

Answer 10

Dwarfism and rickets

Question 11

What are physical findings related to hyperthyroidism? Three things

Answer 11

Thyroid goiter, Graves opthalmopathy, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes

Question 12

What is the path of physiology of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 12

Thyroid increases the amount of free circulating t3 and t4 stimulating an overall decrease in TSH but due to a failure in the negative feedback loop the thyroid gland continues to produce T3T4

Question 13

what condition results when nocturnal hypoglycemia stimulates a surge of counter-regulatory hormone hormones that raise blood sugar. The patient is hypoglycemic at 3:00 a.m. and rebounds with an elevated blood sugar at 7:00 a.m.?

Answer 13

Somogyi effecr

Question 14

What is most often the cause of hypothyroidism?

Answer 14

Autoimmune thyroiditis

Question 15

Describe the feedback loop of the thyroid

Answer 15

Decrease in t3 or t4 stimulates the anterior pituitary to create more thyroid stimulating hormone which stimulates the thyroid gland to release more t3 t4

Question 16

What is the difference in diagnostic criteria between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 16

Glucose levels are the same, but type 2 diabetes has no changes in the urine

Question 17

Four characteristics of diabetes mellitus type 1.

Answer 17

Acute onset, human leukocyte antigens (HLA-DR3 or HLA-DR4), destruction of pancreatic islet cells (autoimmune process), ketones in blood and urine

Question 18

Three P’s of diabetes mellitus number one.

Answer 18

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

Question 19

Nervousness, restlessness, heat intolerance, increase sweating, muscle cramps, weight changes, palpitations, fine hair are all signs of what thyroid change?

Answer 19

Hyperthyroidism

Question 20

What is the treatment of the Somogyi effect?

Answer 20

Reduce or eliminate the bedtime dose of insulin

Question 21

Is Grave’s disease more common males or females?

Answer 21

Females

Question 22

What is the management of type of two diabetes?

Answer 22

Weight management and oral anti-diabetics such as metformin

Question 23

What does t3 and t4 stand for?

Answer 23

Thyroxine or triiodothyronine

Question 24

What is the treatment of the Don phenomenon?

Answer 24

Add or increase the dose of bedtime insulin

Question 25

What endocrine diseases are associated with proportional short stature?

Answer 25

Hypopituitarism, growth hormone deficiency, diabetes, hypothyroidism

Question 26

what’s condition results when tissue becomes desensitized to insulin nocturnally. Blood sugar gets progressively higher throughout the night and is elevated at 7:00 a.m?

Answer 26

The Dawn phenomenon

Question 27

What is the treatment of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 27

Thyroid surgery such as a thyroidectomy and or radioactive iodine

Question 28

What two urine changes are associated with type 1 diabetes?

Answer 28

Glucose and ketones in the urine

Question 29

What are the lab findings of hypothyroidism versus hyperthyroidism?

Answer 29

Hypothyroidism has decreased levels of t3 and t4 with increased TSH while hyperthyroidism has increased levels of t3 and t4 and decreased levels of TSH

Question 30

What is the hemoglobin a1c at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 30

Typically normal at four to six percent because of the acute onset

Question 31

What is diagnostic of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 31

Serum fasting blood sugar greater than 126 on two separate occasions

Question 32

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 32

Insulin resistant diabetes

Question 33

Weakness, muscle fatigue, cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain, mental sluggishness, dry skin, brittle nails are all signs of what type of thyroid problem?

Answer 33

Hypothyroidism

Question 34

What defines short stature?

Answer 34

Height falling more than two standard deviations below the mean or a marketed deviation from previously established growth curves

Question 35

What is the pharmacokinetics of metformin?

Answer 35

Reduces gluconeogenics, little or no hypoglycemia