Neurology Flashcards
Patchy demyelination around axons
Multiple sclerosis
Difficulty raising arms to hold child post C-section
High spinal anaesthetic
Optic neuritis
Multiple sclerosis
Blurred vision worsening with heat
Multiple sclerosis
30-year old woman with trigeminal neuralgia
Multiple sclerosis
Numbness progressing to weakness after a viral infection
Guillain-Barre
Lower limb and pelvic floor weakness + anosmia
ACA stroke
Dementia with occipital hypoperfusion
Lewy body demenia
B-amyloid peptide aggregation and neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimer’s dementia
3Hz spike-and-wave pattern on EEG
Absence seizure
Seizure with high prolactin
Tonic-clonic
Jaw claudication
Temporal arteritis
Photosensitvity, N+V and aura
Migraine
Pill-rolling tremor/cogwheel/lead-pipe/shuffling gait/mask-like facies/small handwriting/soft voice
Parkinson’s
Inability to voluntarily look down
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Low uptake in basal ganglia on fludeoxyglucose PET scan
Parkinson’s
Xanthochromia
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Bilateral vestibular schwanomma
Type 2 neurofibromatosis
Oligoclonal bands and IgG
MS
Chorea + dementia
Huntington’s disease
Bitemporal heminaopia
Pituitary adenoma
Superior quadrantanopia
Temporal lobe lesion
Inferior quandrantanopia
Parietal lobe lesion
Triad of ataxia, incontinence and confusion
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Triad of ataxia, ophthalmoplegia and confusion
Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency)
Triad of nystagmus, intention tremor and staccato/scanning speech
Charcot’s triad (MS)
Kernig’s sign
Meningitis (stiff neck)
Purpuric rash in meningitis
Meningococcal sepsis (Neisseria meningitidis)
Donald duck speech
Pseudobulbar palsy
Pupils that constrict to accommodation and not light
Argyll-Roberton pupils (syphilis, alcohol and diabetes)
Pseudo-pallisading (central necrotic)
Glioblastoma multiforme
Psamomma bodies, spindle cells
Meningioma
Chicken wire vascular appearance
Oligodendroglioma
Thunderclap headache
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Biconvex collection on CT
Epidural haematoma
Headache associated with polymyalgia rheumatica
Temporal arteritis
S-100 stain
Schwannoma
Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia
Intranuclear ophthalmoplegia in MS (due to MLF)
Leg and buttock pain relieved by leaning forward
Neurogenic claudication
Sudden severe occipital headache, neck stiffness, confusion and vomiting. Lesser episode 3 weeks prior.
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Polycystic kidney disease
Subarachnoid haemorrhage (Berry aneurysms)
Blurred vision + difficulty discriminating colours + pain on eye movement
Relative afferent pupillary defect (optic neuritis)
Impaired vision + objects look dull and indistinct + dull headache on the same side
Optic neuritis
Intermittent double vision and drooping eyelid worsening in the evenings
Fatiguable ptosis (myasthenia gravis)
Progressive right hemiparesis + tonic clonic seizure
Left frontal lobe tumour
Pleomorphic astrocytes with several areas of necrosis
GBM (ill-defined lesion expanding the entire corpus callosum, compressing the ventricles)
GFAP
GBM
Fluent aphagia, jargon speech, right homonymous hemianopia
Temporoparietal cortex stroke
Hearing loss + vertigo + tinnitus
Meniere’s disease
3D’s - deafness, dizziness and din
Hearing loss + vertigo + vesicular rash
Ramsay Hunt syndrome (type II)
Vertigo post-URTI
Vestibular neuronitis
Inability to sit still
Akathisia
Involuntary movements of face and jaw, long term anti-psychotics
Tardive dyskinesia
Loss of pain and temperature in a cape-like distribution
Syringomelia
Cafe au lait spots
Neurofibromatosis type I
Lisch nodules
Neurofibromatosis type I
Pes cavus
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
First management for temporal arteritis
Steroids (not temporal artery biopsy)
Pale optic discs
MS
Pallor and palpitations → blackout → flushing
Stokes-Adams attack
Social and sexual disinhibition
Frontal lobe lesion
Degeneration of the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
Huntington’s disease
CN most commonly affected in PCA stroke
Occulomotor (CN III)
Blurred vision, delayed visual evoked responses and normal fundoscopy
Retrobulbar neuritis
IE + stroke
Mycotic aneurysm
Panda/racoon eyes
Basal skull fracture
Inverted champagne bottle legs
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Ring-enhancing lesion in the brain
Abscess (toxoplasmosis) or malignancy
Panda eyes on CT brain
Toxoplasmosis
Common causes of peripheral neuropathy
DEBUT
- Diabetes
- Ethanol
- B12
- Uraemia
- Thyroid (hypo)
Best investigation for brain tumour
MRI
Brainstem stroke with constricted pupils
Pontine
Brainstem stroke with unresponsive mid-dilated pupil
Midbrain
Stroke with neuropathic pain
Thalamic
DRUG SE: most common SE of levodopa
Nausea
DRUG SE: gum hypertrophy and hirsutism
Phenytoin
DRUG: treatment of acute glaucoma
Acetazolamide
DRUG: control of vomiting in Parkinson’s
Domperidone
DRUG: first line in absence seizures
Ethosuximide
DRUG: treatment of psychosis in Parkinson’s
Clozapine
DRUG: trigeminal neuralgia
Carbamazepine
DRUG SE: antiemetic causing Parkinsonism
Prochlorperazine
DRUG SE: bioplar drug causing diabetes insipidus
Lithium
DRUG SE: migraine treatment causing dystonia
Metoclopramide
DRUG SE: headache and hypertension after evening meal
MAO inhibitor (cheese reaction)
DRUG SE: anti-epileptic causing raised liver enzymes
Valproate
DRUG SE: acute pancreatitis
Valproate
DRUG: prevents relapses in MS
Interferon-B
DRUG SE: peripheral neuropathy (7)
FISH MAP
- Fluoroquinolones
- Isoniazid
- Statins
- Heavy metals
- Metronidazole
- Amiodarone
- Phenytoin
DRUG SE: hyponatraemia
Antidepressants (SSRIs, tricyclics)