Neurology Flashcards
1
Q
brain anomaly in maternal type I DM
A
anencephaly
2
Q
In syringomyelia, UMN lesion of lower limb due to
A
lateral CS tract
3
Q
myelination in CNS
A
oligodendroglia
4
Q
physical support of CNS
A
astrocyte (kind of fibroblast of brain)
5
Q
microglia origin
A
mononuclear
6
Q
vomiting of chemotherapy
A
area postrema (CTZ)
7
Q
NE from brain: which area
A
locus ceruleus (pons)
8
Q
5-HT from brain: which area
A
raphae nuclei (brain stem)
9
Q
satiety center
A
VM area of HT
10
Q
thalamus is generally for
A
senses and motor
11
Q
VPL
A
spinothalamic tract
12
Q
from low to high
A
your pons will die
13
Q
DOC for benign essential tremor
A
primidone
14
Q
hemiballismus site
A
contralateral subthalamic nuclei
15
Q
what aneurism in c/c hypertension
A
Charcot-bouchard aneurism in deep brain structures
16
Q
Middle MA: bleeding and shape
A
epidural hematoma (biconvex)
17
Q
bridging veins: bleeding and shape
A
subdural hematoma(crescent)
18
Q
berry aneurism: bleeding
A
subarachnoid hge (worst head ache of my life)
19
Q
foramen of monroe
A
lateral to third ventricle
20
Q
muscle to open jaw
A
lateral pterygoid
21
Q
what produces aqeuous humor
A
ciliary body
22
Q
what collects aqeuos humor from anterior chamber
A
trabecular meshwork
23
Q
Iris dilator and contrictor nerves
A
dilate alpha 1 and spinctor: M3
24
Q
Effect of myelin in length and time constant
A
increases length const and decreases time const
25
DOC trigeminal neuralgia
carbamazepine
26
classes of glucoma drug: decreases synthesis
alpha agonists, beta blockers and diuretics
27
classes of glucoma drug: increases outflow
cholinomimetic and prostaglandins
28
gingival hyperplasia SE of
phenytoin
29
common between lamotrigine and valproate
simple, complex, tonic-clonic, absence and as a mood stabilizer
30
shot acting frenzodiazepines
ATOM (alprazolam, Triazolam Oxazepam and Midazolam)
31
malignant hyperthermia seen with (what is the exception)
inhaled anesthetics (but not N2O) and succinyl choline
32
antidote benzodiazepines
flumazenil
33
Drugs that increase outflow of aqueous humor
cholinomimetics and prostaglandin
34
MM of opioid drugs (channels)
open K and close Ca channels
35
opioid toxicity pupil
pin point
36
Indication of butorphanol
severe pain (migraine labor)
37
Ethosuximide MOA
blocks thalamic type Ca channels
38
important side effects of phenytoin
nystagmus diplopia ataxia
| gingival hyperplasia hirsuitism
39
gabapentin MOA
inhibit voltage activated Ca channels (originally designed as GABA analog)
40
local anaesthetics MOA
block Na channels
41
two classes of neuromuscular blocing drugs
depolarizing (succinyl choline)
| non-depol (curiums)
42
dandtrolne MOA
prevent release of Ca from SR
43
baclofen MOA
activates GABA receptors t spinal cord level
44
cyclobenzaprine what?
centrally acting sk muscle relaxant
45
name dopamine agonist
```
bromocriptine pergolide (ergot)
pramipexole ropinirole
```
46
which drug increase dopamine release
amantidine
47
drug that inhibit dopa decarboxyase
carbidopa
48
comt inhibitors used in parkins
tolcapone
49
MAO-B inhibitor used in parkins
selegiline
50
use of benztropine
antimuscarinic in parkins
51
what is memantine
NMDA receptor antagonists for alzheimers
52
principle of treatment in huntingtons disease
```
block dopamine
VMAT inhibitor (tetrabenazine and reserpine)
D2 antagonist (haloperidol)
```
53
triptans MOA
5-HT 1B/1D agonists
54
thalamic syndrome nuclei involved
VPL and VPM
55
Zopiderm what and MOA
non-benzodiazepam hypnotics
| GABAa receptor agonists
56
Notochord becomes
N pulposus
57
neuroectoderm divides to
neural tube and neural crest
58
primary vesicles of brain
prosen,mesen,rhomben
59
prosen becomes
telen and dien (tele= hemispheres)
60
rhomben becomes
meten adn myelen
61
mesencephalon becomes
pons and cerebellum
62
neural crest develops to
PNS neurons and schwann cells
63
rathkes pouch becomes
ant pituitary and craniopharyngioma
64
confirmatory test for neural tube defect
Ach E in amniotic fluid
65
in meningocele, subarachnoid space
outside
66
anencephaly risk
Type 1DM
67
holoprosencephaly gene and risk factor
sonic hedgehog signalling
| patau adn fetal alcohol syndrome
68
dandy walker- 2 features
cerebellar vermis agenesis
| cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle
69
chiari 1, age and feature
adult with headache, tonsils herniate
70
hydromelia
Resmy ask me
71
syringomyelia tracts involved
anterior spinal commisure (spinothalamic)
| lateral CS tract
72
taste sensation which nucleus
solitary nucleus
73
genioglossus and styloglossus
protrusion and trough maaking
74
palatoglossus N and function
X,elevates posterior tongue
75
hyoglossus function
retract and depress tongue
76
BBB and repair and K+ metabolism
astrocyte
77
saltatory conduction is possible becuase of --- channels
Na+
78
myelin- space constant and conduction velocity
both increases
79
acoustic neuroma, additional nerves
facial and trigeminal
80
schann cell and neuron ratio
1:1
81
oligodendroglia- histology
fried egg
82
oligodendroglia- involved diseases
MS,PML, leukodystrophy
83
meissner corpuscles
hairless skin (only one to remember)
84
merkel disc
finger tip
85
ruffini
slippage along surface
86
paccini
pressure adn vibration
87
free n endings
pain and temp
88
endo and perineurium clinical connection
GB syndrome, micro surgery
89
glioma marker
GFAP
90
depression neurotransmiter
all down (NE,dopamine,serotonin)
91
anxiety what increased
nor epinephrine
92
Ace the
Base
93
No locus
I am scared
94
Dop teg
the nigra
95
sero sympathy for
raphael
96
GABA cumben is
fat
97
CAG- huntington
caudate looses ACH and GABA
| dopamine increased
98
Ach decreased in
Alzhemiers
99
CTZ location
caudate end of 4th ventricle
100
hunger (lateral) is the
top priority
101
OVLT location and function
hypothalamus and osmosensor
102
paraventricular senate
oxytocin
103
PPRF which part of sleep
REM
104
melatonin pathway
SCN- Nor- pineal- melatonin
105
treatment for bedwetting and sleep terror/walking
ADH and benzodiazines
106
b waves- sleep
REM (penis) and open eye
107
chew your
sleep spindles and K complexes
108
beta vs delta
low amplitude and high frequency is beta
109
non REM sleep
TSD (sleep walking, tremor, bed wetting)
110
VPM and VL of thalamus
face and taste
| VL= motor
111
VPL of thalamus
limb sensation
112
what is not relayed in thalamus
olfaction
113
ant and post part of limbic system
angulate gyrus adn hippocampus
114
limbic system function
feeding, feeling, fleeing, fighting
115
locked in syndrome
CPM (also involve 1X,X,X1 neres)
| aks ODS
116
deep nuclei from lateral to medial
DEGF
117
2 input and 1 output of cerebellem
ICP and MCP
| Output is SCP(purking- nucleus-SCP)
118
cerebellem represents --- in lesions
body
lateral- limbs, falls to ipsilateral side
midline- trunkal ataxia
119
what constitutes vestibulo cerebellum
inf vermis adn flocculonodular lobe (nystagmus and vertigo)
120
direct pathway inhibit GPi
directly
121
indirect pathway activate GPi
indirectly thru STN inhibition
122
lentiform nucleus is
```
lenti shaped (putamen and GP)
stiatum is putamen and caudate
```
123
choreoathetosis define and disease
chorea- jerky
athetosis- writhing
huntingtons disease
124
drug causing dystonia
metochlopramide
125
DOC for benign essential tremor
primidone (b blockers too), metabolised to phenobarbital
126
tremors
resting-parkinson
intention- cerbellum
essential- anxiety and posture
127
hemiballismus diagnosis
C/L subthalamic nuclei (lacunar stroke)
128
eg of myoclonus
hiccups
129
pathology of parkinson
lewy bodies (a synuclein- intra cellular eosinophilic inclusions)
130
genetics of huntington and frederick
AD (fred is recessive)
| 4 (fred is 9)
131
neuronal death in huntington
NMDA-R binding and glutamate toxicity
132
MRI in huntingtons
caudate atrophy with exuacuo dilatation of frontal horns
133
mixed transcortical aphasia
nonfluent, poor comprehension, intact repitition
134
kluver bucy syndrome which apart and virus
amygdala, HSV1
135
frontal lobe syndrome
disorganized, disinhibited and apathetic
136
hemispatial neglect syndrome
non dominant parietal
137
dominant parietal
agraphia and acalculia
138
hippocampus lesion
anterograde amnesi
139
frontal eye field lesion
think frontal lobe look towards lesion
| PPRF- opposite
140
severe hypertension- upper arm
upper leg weakness
| watershed area
141
basilar art formed by
vertebral art
142
branches of MCA
lenticulostriate, ant choroidal
143
pontine arteries come from
basialr art
144
three branches of basilar art
pontine, sup cerebellar, AICA
145
cerebral flow Co2 and O2
Co2= 90, O2= 50
146
therapeutic hyperventillation for
cerebral edema and panic attacks
| direct relations hip between Co2 and cerebral flow
147
CPP=
MAP- ICP, when o, no flow
148
internal capsule blood supply
lenticulostriate Art
149
ASA infarct
medial medullary synd
150
medial medullary synd 3 involved
lateral CS tract
medial leminiscus
hypoglossal n (tongue same side imp)
151
ACA infarct
lateral med syndrome (wallenberg)
152
specific feature of PICA infarct
hoarsness and dysphagia (horse- eating)
153
lateral pontine synd whicha rt and specific feature
AICA (paralysis of face and facial N)
| decreased salivation and lacrimation
154
basialr art infarct
locked in syndrome
155
N involved in communicating art
anterior- optic
| posterior- occulomotor
156
risk for berry aneurysm
ADPKD,ehler- danlos,black,age, HT,smoking
157
central post stroke pain syndrome
thalamus
158
epi and subdural shape and cause
appi- crescent
| MMA and bridging veins
159
epidural hematoma and suture line
can't cross
160
shaken baby which hematoma
subdural
161
temporal bone fracture which hematoma
epidural
162
2 complications of SAH
spasm (doppler, nimodipine)
| bleed (CT)
163
recurrent lobar hemorrhagic stroke
amyloid angiopathy (elderly)
164
ischemia hypoxia- which area
hippocampus
165
irreversible damage- stroke- time
5 min
166
red neurons- time frame
12- 48 hrs
167
most common site of hge
basal ganglia
168
TIA- MRI will be
negative
169
CSF is made in
ependymal cells of choroid plexus
170
pseudotumor cerebri which nerve
6 (papilledema+, imaging normal)
171
treatment for pseudotumor cerebri
weight loss, lumbar puncture
| acetazolamide
172
2 types of non obstructive hydrocephalus
communicative and normal pressure
173
caus of communicating hydrocephalus
obliteration of subarachnoid villi
174
big venricles and wet wobbly and wacky
normal pre hydrocephalus
175
in Exvacuo, ICP is
normal
176
spinal nerve exit
corneal- above vertebrae
| others- below vertebrrae
177
CSF space between
L2 and S2
178
legs are lateral in
lateral tracts (both corticospinaland spinothalamic)
179
F gracilis (part and location)
leg and medial
180
pain and temp can't wait
they synapse in gray matter and crosses right away in ant commisure
181
werdning hoffman synd
spinal muscualr atrophy like polio
| tongue fascicualtion+
182
ALS UMN or LMN
both
183
caus of death in ALS
aspiration pneumonia
184
U disease (ALS)
defect in superoxide dismutase
Lon Gehrig disease
rilouzole
glutamate antagonist
185
artery of adam kiewics supply
ASA below T8 (thorax watershed)
186
tabes dorsalis finding
absent DTR and positive rhomberg
187
CSF in polio
Increased WBC
188
polio virus isolated from
throat or stool
189
frataxin
iron binding protein (mitochondria dysfunction in F ataxia)
190
2 non CNS findings in F ataxia
diabetes, HCM
191
horner syndrome Brown seq syndrome
lesion is above T1
192
T4, T7 and T10
nipple, xiphoid, umbilicus
193
L1 and L4
inguinal lig,knee
194
S2,S3,S4
erection and sensation of penile and anal zones
195
cremasteric reflex
L1,L2 (remember L1 area)
196
anal wink reflex
S3,S4 (remember anal area)
197
galant reflex
lower body move to stroked side
198
2 nerve on pons upper border
abducens and trigeminal (at MCP level)
199
factors of 12 except 1 and 2
midline nerves 3,4,6,12
200
multiple rooted nerve
12
201
spinal roots for what nerve
eleven (accessory)
202
parlaysis of conjugate vertical gaze
superior colliculi (parinaud syndrome pinealoma)
203
pinealoma
precocious puberty (germinoma), parinaud synd and hydrocephalus
204
nuclei of cranial nerve
mid- 3, 4
pons- 5,6,7,8
medulla- 9,10,12
spinal-11
205
cranial nerve nuclei medial nuclei
motor (basal plate) m form
206
cranial nerve lateral nuclei
sensory (alar plate)
| sulcus limitans
207
CN 5 goes out in
SRO
208
superior orbital fissure contacts
V1 and other nerves
| opthalmic veins and symp fibres
209
optic canal contents
CN 11, CRV, opthalmic art
210
internal auditory meatus
CN7, 8
211
jugular foramen syndrome
in malignancy
| 9,10,11,jugular vein
212
some say marry money but
my brother says big brain matters most
213
parotid gland supplied by
glossopharyngeal N (facial N other glands)
214
sphincter pupillae which receptor
muscarinic
215
X1 nerve
accesory (SCM,trapezius)
216
X11
hypoglossal (tongue except palatoglossus)
217
Name vagal nuclei
```
N solitarius (sensations) V11, IX,X
N ambigous(motor)- IX,X,XI ie, jugular foramen
Dorsal motor N- parasympathetic- X
```
218
corneal reflex
V1- nasociliary branch
| V11- temporal branch- O. oculi
219
lacrimal reflex-
V 1 and V11
220
gag reflex
1X, X
221
to turn right which SCM
left
222
Jaw and tongue- same side
uvula- opposite side
223
componenets of GP nerve
motor- stylopharyngeus
sensory-inner surface of tympanic and carotid body and sinus
para- parotid gland
224
cavernous sinus syndrome- unexpected
V1,V2 involvement and horner syndrome
225
Lopex- wide
frequency- low
226
OVT of ear
oval window,scala vestibuli, scala tympani
227
weber in sensory and conduction
sensory- unaffected
| conduction-affecte
228
noise induced what happens
damage to sternociliated cells in the organ of corti (little old age)
229
keratin debri middle ear
cholesteatoma
230
stapedius supply
facial (tensor tympani is V3)
231
lateral pterygoid
lowers the jaw
232
macula contains
cones 9no blood vessels)
233
a1,b and M3 of eye
M3- sphincter and ciliary muscle
a1- dilator
b- ciliary epithelium (makes humor)
234
during accomodation, lens becomes
more convex (old age problem)
235
secondary closed angle glaucoma
hypoxia leading to vasoproliferation in iris
236
drug CI in acute closure
epinephrine
237
parts of uvea
chorioid, iris
238
uveitis associated with
systemic inflammatory disorder
239
metamorphosia and scotoma seen in
age related macualr degeneration
240
wet is dirty
rapid loss of vision, rare, neovascularization
241
wet and dry translates to
proli and non proli in DM
242
splaying and paucity of retinal vessels
detachment
243
dot and flame shaped hge
hypertension (fibrinous necrosis)
| A-Vnicking, copper silver wiring, cotton wool spots
244
why cherry red in CRA occlusion
macula supplied by choroid art
245
bone spicule shaped deposits around macula
retinits pigmentosa (rods affected 1st0
246
retinitis
edema and necrosis leading to scar
247
optic disc swelling and enalrged blind spot
papilledema
248
pupillary reflex (major things)
pre tectal- EW nucleus- ciliary ganglion
249
pupillary reflex- afferent does not involve
LGN
250
sympathetic nerve to eye
hypothalamus- ciliospinal center of budge- superior cervical ganglion- long ciliray nerve
251
marcus gunn pupil
afferent defect and swinging flash ligh
| GUN
252
horner sydnrome ptosis
superior tarsal muscle
253
both obliques are tested when
adducted (opposite direction to teh name)
254
central motors
DM affect inner motor fibres since vessels are outside nerves
255
s. oblique damage
problem going downstairs
256
temporal mayor's lingual skills
mayor loop through temporal lobe loop in the sky lingual gyrus
257
pie on the floor when
DOR is broke
258
in INO, convergence is normal, which eye nystagmus
abducting eye
259
cortical and --- atrophy in alzhemiers
hippocampus
260
early onset alzhemiers risk
APP, presenilin 1 and presenelin 2
261
senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangles
amylod b and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein
262
pick bodies are seen in
frontotemporal dementia (silver staining spherical tan)
263
characteristic of pick disease
socially inappropriate behavior
264
halewyanations seen in
lewy body dementia (sensitive to neuroleptics)
265
rapid dementia with myoclonus
C J disease
266
pathology of C J disease
```
spongiform cortex (vacoules)
prPc- PrPsc
```
267
PrPsc is resistant to
b pleated sheets resistant to protease
268
vascualr dementia
stepwise decline and neuro deficit
269
HIV dementia
microglial nodules (lot of microglia)
270
cystic degeneration of putamen
wilsons disease
271
which enzyme is deficient in alzhemiers
choline acetyl transferase (CAT)
272
myelin increases everything except
time constant
273
triad of MS (SIN)
scanning speech, intention tremor, INO, incontinence, nystagmus
274
incontinence in MS
urge
275
MRI_MS
periventricular plaques
276
CSF- MS
oligoclonal bands (increased IgG)
277
treatment for MS
b- interferon
| nalalizumab (a4 integrin)
278
albuminocytological dissociation
GB syndrome
279
which infection with GBS
campylobactor jejuni
280
MS can present with optic neuritis
decreased vision and pain around eye
281
multiple periventricualr inflammation and demyelination after infection
ADEM 9measles or VZV or vacciantion)
282
nerve disorder associated with scoliosis and foot deformities
charcot marie tooth (HMSN)
283
progressive multifocal encephalopathy- pathology and risk
destruction of oligodendrocytes
| JC virus reaction in HIV and after rituximab and natalizumab
284
opposite of GBS
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
285
adrenoleukodystrophy organs involved and pathology
adrenal gland, testes, nervous system, decreased metabolism of VLCFA
286
area involved in partial seizures
medial temporal lobe
287
complex seizures means
impaired conscious ness
288
absence seizures vs atonic
absence - staring
| atonic- drop to floor
289
no postictal confusion in
absence seizure
290
clonic means
movement
myoclonus- hicupps
myoclonic epilepsy
291
heat sensitivity- hot shower weakness
MS
292
male headache with lacrimation/rhinorrhea
cluster headache (O2 and sumatriptan)
293
Bil headache is
tension headache
294
migraine prophylaxis
propranolol, topiramate
| triptain is abortive
295
brushing, eating leading to headache
trigeminal neuralgia (carbamazepine)
296
tinnitus, vertigo, S N deafness
meniers disease (increased endolymph)
297
positional testing in central vertigo
```
immediate nystagmus (central must be immediate)
periphearl is delayed horizontal nystagmus
```
298
von hippel landau
hemangioblastoma plus two
bil renal cell ca
pheochromocytoma
299
neurofibromin functions
negative regulator of RAS
300
pigmented iris hamartoma
lisch nodules (NF1)
301
2 MR in t sclerosis
mitral regurgitation
| mental retardation
302
3 skin features in t sclerosis
ASA
angiofibroma
shagreen patches
ash leaf spots
303
3 tumors in t sclerosis
ARA
rhabdomyoma
angiomyolipoma of kidney
astrocytoma
304
tuberous sclerosis codes
ASA,ARA and MR
305
portwine stain and tram track calcification
sturge weber synd
306
sturge weber synd gene
activating mutation of GNAQ
307
sturge weber location
portwine stain
brain angioma- seizure
sclera- glaucoma
308
ataxia telengectasia 3rd feature
sinopulmonary infections (decreased IgA)
309
neural marker
synaptophysin
310
G multiforme is
grade IV astrocytoma
311
butterfly glioma is
G multiforme
312
microscopy - G multiforme
pseudopalisading
313
meningioma arises from
arachnoid cells (have tail)
314
meningioma micro
psammoma
315
S 100 +ve tumors
melanoma and schwanommaq
316
oligodendroglioma- egg conncetion
chicken wire capillary pattern
| fried egg cells and calcification
317
childhood tumors code
PMEC
pilocytic (low grade) astrocytoma
medulloblastoma, epidymoma, craniopharyngioma
318
3 C of craniopharyngioma
calcification
cystic componanent
cholesterol crystals
319
most common childhood supratentorial tumor
craniopharyngioma
320
rosenthal fibres
pilocystic astrocytoma
321
sheets of small blue cells and brain tumor
medulloblastoma in child, drop metastasis
homer wright rosette
very malignant (hammer)
322
perivascualr rosette adn brain tumor
ependymoma
323
falx cerebri herniation is
cingulate gyrus (ACA) compression
324
2 types of trans tentorial
brain stem- duret haemorrhage
| uncus- CN 111
325
3 components of uncal herniation
ipsilateal CN 111, ipsilateral PCA and contralateral crux cerebri (false localization sign)
326
glaucoma treatment ABCD
a agonists- vasoconstriction and decreased synthesis
b blockers- reduced synthesis
cholinomimetics- increased outflow (contraction of ciliary muscle)
diuretics- acetazolamide
327
MOA of latanoprost (PGF2a)
increased outflow (browning of iris)
328
brimonidine MOA
decreased synthesis a 2
329
opiod analgesics MOA
increased K+efflux and close ca+ channels
330
opiod- how to remember toxicity
```
respiratory depression (remember dextromethorphan)
miosis and constipation (remember no tolerance to these features)
```
331
heroid addicts treatment is
opiod (buprenorphine- partial agonist)
332
loperamide in children SE
toxic megacolon (for diarrhea)
333
butorphenol MOA
k agonist- Mu partial agonist
| can cause competition with full agonist and withdrawal
334
tram it all with tramadol
opiod, 5HT, nor epinephrine
335
butorphanol indication and advantage
labor, migraine (less resp depression)
336
Na channel inactivation
PVC ToLa
pheytoin, valproate, carbamazepine,
topiramate and lamotrigine
337
GABA inducers (GABA-A)
2 groups adn 2 names
benzodiazepines, barbiturates
tiaGABine, viGABAtrin
338
GABA cheater is
GABApentin (actually inhibits ca channels)
339
ethosuximide MOA
block thalamic t type calcium channels
340
phenytoin SE
gingival hyperpalsia, pseudolymphoma
341
SJ syndrome- anti seizure
lamotrigine (must titrate)
342
seizure drug for bipolar
valproic acid (valparin), LFT neural tube defects
343
carbamazepine SE
agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia
| liver toxicity and SIADH
344
barbiturates overdose treatment
supportive
345
ATOM is short acting
alprazolam,triazolam,oxazepam,midazolam (higher addiction)
346
bridge to SSRI
diazepam
347
zolpiderm MOA
BZ1 subtype of GABA receptor short duration because of liver metabolism
less addiction and less drowsiness
348
potency of inhaled anaesthetic
inversely proportional to MAC
349
less in blood and more in lipid
less in blood- fast
| more in lipid- potent
350
N2O is fast but not potent (not soluble in both)
Halothane potent but not fast, halothane has high blood gas partition coefficent
351
inhaled anaesthetic decreases everything except
cerebral blood flow and ICP
352
malignant hyperthermia treatment
dantrolene
353
thiopental re distributes to
sk muscle and fat
354
common benzo anaesthetic
midazolam
355
PCP like anaesthetic MOA
ketamine (dissocciative anaesthesia, block NMDA receptor
356
propofol MOA
potentiate GABA (p for P)
357
local anaesthetic MOA and groups
block Na channels
| amides will have 2 I in their name
358
importance of amides
enter as unchanged
| given if allergic to esters
359
one factor favoring and another not favoring local anaesthesia
vasoconstriction- favors
| infected tissue does not favor
360
order of neurons local
small and myelinated (size important)
361
local order of loss
PTTP
362
SE of LA
cardiovascular
| benzocaine- methhemoglobinemia
363
2 types of NM blockers
```
depolarizing (succ choline)
non depolar (tubocurarine)
```
364
which channel inactivated in S choline
Na channels
365
phase 1and 11 of s choline
1- potentiated by choline estrase inhibitors
| 11- antidote is cholineesterase inhibitor
366
treatment for non depolarizing NM blockers
neostigmine with atropine
367
most imp concern of s choline
hyperkalemia (don't give in myopathies)
368
dantrolene MOA
prevent release of ca from SR
369
baclofen MOA and indication
potentiate GABA- b at spinal cord
| muscle spasm secondary to CNS disease
370
cyclobenaprine MO and indication
TCA- like
| centrally acting muscle relaxant
371
dopamine agonist
ergot- bromocriptine and pergolide
non ergot- pramipexole, ropinirole
pramipexole- preferred (pr for pr)
372
increased dopamine avaialbility
amantadine (ataxia, livido reticualris)
373
increase L dopa availability
carbidopa- decarboxylase
| entracapone/tolcapone- COMT
374
decrease dopamine breakdown
selegiline- MAOB
| tolcapone- COMT
375
SE of l dopa and pathology
on- off phenomenon
| nigro striatal degeneration
376
memantine is like -- which like --
```
ketamine, PCP
memantine- NMDA antagonist for alzhemiers
dogarita for alzhemiers
donepezil, galabamine
rivastigmine, tacrine
Ache inhibitors
```
377
huntington disease treatment think dopamine
VMAT inhibitor- tetrabenazine, reserpine
| D2 antagonist- haloperidol
378
sumatriptan MOA
5 HT 1B/1D agonist
| vasoconstiction adn trigeminal inactivation
379
vasoactive peptide
relaxes vessels
380
microscopy red neurons
eosinophilic cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, loss of nissl substance
381
juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
genetic
| sleep deprivation risky
382
thalamic syndrome
c/c sensory loss
383
microatheroma and lipohyalinosis
lacuanr infarct
384
thalamus is supplied by
PCA
385
biphasic growth pattern
schwannomma
386
status drug
lorazepam, phenytoin, phenobarbital
387
fish bones damage
internal laryngeal N
388
DRESS syndrome
drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms
| after anticonvulsant, allopurinol and sulphonamides
389
capsaicin causes release of
substance P
390
fracture of orbital floor N and muscle
```
infra orbital (max N)
inferior rectus
```
391
familial retinoblastoma association
sarcoma (osteosarcoma)
392
red nucleus is seen in
midbrain
393
decerebrate rigidity
extensor posture (below or at red nucleus)
394
cortex inhibit
flexor response
395
all afferent are myelinated except
heat, slow pain, olfaction
396
all efferents are myelinated except
post ganglionic autonomic
