Neurology 2 Flashcards
1
Q
A
Answer: Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia without macular sparing
2
Q
A
Answer: Ipsilateral blindness
3
Q
A
Answer: Striatum of the basal ganglia
4
Q
- A) Bacterial meningitis
- B) Fungal meningitis
- C) Non-infectious
- D) Parasitic meningitis
- E) Viral meningitis
A
E) Viral meningitis
5
Q
A
Answer: Subarachnoid haemorrhage
6
Q
Which part of the brain is shown here?
A
Red Nucleus
7
Q
A
Answer: Temporal lobe
Lesions of the temporal lobe typically present with recognition deficits (agnosias). Wernicke’s area is located in the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus, most commonly in the left cerebral hemisphere. Damage causes receptive, fluent aphasia, in which the person can fluently assemble sentences, but they have no meaning.
8
Q
A
Answer: Rubrospinal tract
The rubrospinal tract originates, and immediately decussates, at the red nucleus in the midbrain. It is thought to play a role in fine control of hand movements.
9
Q
A
Answer: Posterior communicating artery
10
Q
A
Answer: The thalamus
11
Q
A
Answer: Control eye movement
The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is a myelinated composite fibre tract found in the brainstem. The MLF primarily serves to coordinate the conjugate movement of the eyes and associated head and neck movements.”
12
Q
What is highlighted here?
A
Third ventricle
13
Q
A
Answer: Posterior cerebral artery
14
Q
A
Answer: Voluntary movement of distal (limb) muscles
15
Q
A
Answer: Glossopharyngeal (IX) or vagus (X)
16
Q
A
Answer: Glutamate
17
Q
A
Answer: Anterior spinothalamic tract
The anterior spinothalamic tract is an ascending tract that carries crude touch and pressure modalities.
18
Q
A
Answer: Subarachnoid haemorrhage
19
Q
Which part of the brain is shown here?
A
Cerebral acqueduct
20
Q
A
Answer: Central tentorial herniation
21
Q
What part of the brain is shown here?
A
Head of caudate
22
Q
A
Answer: dopamine
In Parkinson’s Disease, symptoms generally start to appear when 60-80% of the nigrostriatal dopiminergic neurons degenerate.
23
Q
What part of the brain is shown here?
A
Left substantia nigra
Note: the image is upside down, hence the left and right labels are correct.
24
Q
A
Answer: The striatum
Using glutamate as the excitatory neurotransmitter, the motor cortex stimulates the striatum to enhance or diminish the direct or indirect pathway; causing changes in the amount of motor cortex stimulation in a highly controlled feedback loop.
25
**Answer: Its function includes limb flexion and fine movements**
26
**Answer: Basilar artery**
27
Upon autopsy of a patient with Parkinson's Disease, the following histological structure is noted. What is it called and what is it comprised of?
**Answer: A Lewy body, comprised of alpha-synuclein**
## Footnote
During the pathological process of Lewy body dementia and Parkinson's Disease, normal functional tissue (of the cerebrum and basal ganglia, respectively) undergoes degeneration and replacement by Lewy bodies; a lesion comprised of proteins and/or lipids.
In Parkinson's Disease, the Lewy bodies comprise of the peptide alpha-synuclein; a pathological hallmark of the disease obtained on post-mortem biopsy. The function of alpha-synuclein in the healthy brain is unclear.
28
What part of the brain is highlighted here?
Anterior comissure
29
**Answer: Glossopharyngeal nerve, lingual branch from the trigeminal nerve, and chorda tympani branch from the facial nerve**
30
**Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae**
31
**Answer: Lesion shown by pin 1**
32
**Answer: Sensory loss over anterior thigh/knee and a reduced knee reflex**
## Footnote
Leg reflexes: L3/4 - "kick the door" (patellar reflex), S1/2 - "buckle my shoe" (Achilles reflex)
33
**Answer: Ulnar nerve**
34
**Answer: Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh**
35
**Answer: Foramen spinosum**
36
**Answer: Contralateral homonymous hemianopia**
37
**Answer: Optic tract**
38
**Answer: Amitryptiline**
## Footnote
Tension headaches typically produce bilateral, constant, mild to moderate pain. They are often associated with stress, fatigue, and tension. Chronic tension headaches constitute 15 or more days of headaches in a month. Acute treatment is simple analgesics, such as NSAIDs and paracetamol. Tricyclic antidepressants like amitryptiline are an effective preventative but entail an unfortunate side-effect profile.
39
**Answer: Lesion shown by pin 4**
40
**Answer: temporal lobe**
41
**Answer: 10**
42
**Answer: 11**
43
**Answer: Medulloblastoma**
## Footnote
Homer Wright Rosettes are circular groupings of dark tumour cells surrounding pale neurofibrils (small blue cell tumours from neural crest ectoderm). This histologic finding is found in neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma and retinoblastoma.
Note: Do not confuse with Perivascular Pseudorosettes/Rosettes found in Ependymomas
44
**Answer: Musculocutaneous**
45
**Answer: none of the above**
46
**Answer: Fovea**
## Footnote
The fovea is the area of highest visual acuity, consisting of 100% cones to ensure that the most light is processed. Cones provide ability to see colour, but only in bright light. The area around the fovea has a pale yellow pigmentation known as the macula.
47
**Answer: Maxillary artery**
48
**Answer: Lesion shown by pin 3**
49
**Answer: 13**
## Footnote
E3 V5 M5
50
**Answer: Medial cutaneous**
51
**Answer: Group B Streptococcus**
## Footnote
Neonates are particularly vulnerable to Group B streptococci, E. coli, and Listeria monocytogenes.
52
**Answer: Bitemporal hemianopia**
## Footnote
Bitemporal hemianopia (loss of the outer half of both visual fields) is often due to compression of the optic chiasm (e.g. by a pituitary adenoma).
53
**Answer: Radial nerve**
54
**Answer: Tonsillar herniation**
55
**Answer: Radial**
56
**Answer: Pudendal nerve**
## Footnote
Recall: the "POOdendal" nerve
57
**Answer: Elevation, intorsion, adduction**
## Footnote
NOTE: The action of the eye muscle and the movement of the eye during clinical testing are two distinct questions. This question often confuses students. Review the following diagrams for further explanation.
In its primary position, the superior rectus elevates the eye and since it connects in a medically oblique plane (23° angle with visual axis), its secondary actions are adduction and intorsion.
58
**Answer: Sensory inattention**
## Footnote
Parietal lobe lesions can cause: sensory inattention, apraxias, tactile agnosia, inferior homonymous quadrantonopia, Gerstmann's syndrome (alexia, acalculia, finger agnosia, right-left disorientation)
59
**Answer: Superior orbital fissure**
60
**Answer: Median nerve**
61
**Answer: locus coeruleus**
62
**Answer: Internal carotid**
## Footnote
The internal carotid artery is immediately lateral to the chiasm. Ballooning of the vessel wall, (an aneurysm), can cause pressure on the chiasm and cause partial, nasal hemianopsia.
63
**Answer: Suprascapular nerve**
64
**Answer: Meyer's loop**
65
**Answer: Lateral spinothalamic tract**
66
Which brain lobe is highlighted?
Occipital
67
**Answer: The posterior limb of the internal capsule**
68
**Answer: Broca's aphasia**
69
What is highlighted here?
Red nucleus
70
**Answer: Olfactory (I)**
71
**Answer: CT scan of the head without contrast**
72
**Answer: Lingual branch from the trigeminal nerve only**
73
**Answer: Anterior communicating artery**
74
**Answer: optic (II), oculomotor (III)**
75
**Answer: viral meningitis**
76
**Answer: Seizures**
77
**Answer: The man in Panel A has central facial weakness, and the woman in Panel B has peripheral facial weakness**
## Footnote
In response to the request “Show me your teeth,” subjects in both Panel A and Panel B demonstrate right lower facial weakness. The man in Panel A has a central facial weakness, as demonstrated by the furrows on both sides of the forehead, indicating intact upper facial muscles bilaterally, and he can close both eyes. The woman in Panel B has no furrows on the right side of the forehead, and her right eye is open wider than her left, indicating weak right upper facial muscles. She has peripheral facial weakness caused by a lesion of the facial nerve or in the pons.
78
**Answer: Basilar artery**
79
**Answer: The amygdala**
80
What part of the brain is highlighted here?
Right hippocampus
81
**Answer: Cerebellar lobes**
82
**Answer: Posterior bundle of the right optic radiation**
83
**Answer: Anterior corticospinal tract**
84
**Answer: Middle portion of the right calcarine sulcus**
The calcarine sulcus (or calcarine fissure) is an anatomical landmark located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain. The calcarine sulcus is where the primary visual cortex is concentrated.
85
**Answer: Right optic nerve**
86
**Answer: 18-24 months**
87
**Answer: pia, arachnoid**
88
**Answer: Anterior cerebral artery**
89
**Answer: Transcalvarial herniation**
90
**Answer: Posterior cerebral artery**
91
Where do we normally perform a lumbar puncture?
92
**Answer: to the contralateral side**
93
**Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae**
94
**Answer: Cerebral peduncle**
95
**Answer: Medulla oblongata**
96
**Answer: Hippocampus**
97
**Answer: Anterior commisure**
98
**Answer: Internal capsule**
99
**Answer: Superior colliculus**
100
**Answer: Hippocampus**
101
**Answer: Pineal gland**
102
**Answer: Mammillary body**
103
**Answer: Caudate nucleus**
104
**Answer: Infundibulum**
105
**Answer: Fornix**
106
**Answer: Claustrum**
107
**Answer: Cerebral peduncle**
108
**Answer: Caudate nucleus**
109
**Answer: Internal capsule**
110
**Answer: Extreme capsule**
111
**Answer: Anterior column of fornix**
112
**Answer: Corpus callosum**
113
**Answer: External globus pallidus**
114
**Answer: Hippocampus**
115
**Answer: Putamen**
116
**Answer: Septum pellucidum**
117
**Answer: Corona radiata**
118
**Answer: Caudate nucleus**
119
**Answer: External capsule**
120
**Answer: Inferior colliculus**
121
**Answer: Substantia nigra**
122
**Answer: Internal capsule**
123
**Answer: Lateral fissure**
124
**Answer: Lateral ventricles**
125
**Answer: Olfactory tract**
126
**Answer: Tail of Caudate nucleus**
127
**Answer: Globus Pallidus**
128
**Answer: Insula**
129
**Answer: Septum**
130
**Answer: Third ventricle**
131
**Answer: Optic chiasm**
132
**Answer: Putamen**
133
**Answer: Corpus callosum**
134
**Answer: Superior cerebellar peduncle**
135
**Answer: Thalamus**
136
**Answer: Internal globus pallidus**
137
**Answer: Internal capsule**
138
**Answer: Internal capsule**
139
**Answer: Caudate nucleus**
140
**Answer: Caudate nucleus**
141
**Answer: Insula**
142
**Answer: Septum pellucidum**
143
**Answer: Mammillary body**
144
**Answer: Lateral ventricles**
145
**Answer: Subthalamic nucleus**
146
**Answer: Temporal lobe**
147
**Answer: Body of fornix**
148
**Answer: Optic nerve**
