Neurology 2 Flashcards
Answer: Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia without macular sparing
Answer: Ipsilateral blindness
Answer: Striatum of the basal ganglia
- A) Bacterial meningitis
- B) Fungal meningitis
- C) Non-infectious
- D) Parasitic meningitis
- E) Viral meningitis
E) Viral meningitis
Answer: Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Which part of the brain is shown here?
Red Nucleus
Answer: Temporal lobe
Lesions of the temporal lobe typically present with recognition deficits (agnosias). Wernicke’s area is located in the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus, most commonly in the left cerebral hemisphere. Damage causes receptive, fluent aphasia, in which the person can fluently assemble sentences, but they have no meaning.
Answer: Rubrospinal tract
The rubrospinal tract originates, and immediately decussates, at the red nucleus in the midbrain. It is thought to play a role in fine control of hand movements.
Answer: Posterior communicating artery
Answer: The thalamus
Answer: Control eye movement
The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is a myelinated composite fibre tract found in the brainstem. The MLF primarily serves to coordinate the conjugate movement of the eyes and associated head and neck movements.”
What is highlighted here?
Third ventricle
Answer: Posterior cerebral artery
Answer: Voluntary movement of distal (limb) muscles
Answer: Glossopharyngeal (IX) or vagus (X)
Answer: Glutamate
Answer: Anterior spinothalamic tract
The anterior spinothalamic tract is an ascending tract that carries crude touch and pressure modalities.
Answer: Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Which part of the brain is shown here?
Cerebral acqueduct
Answer: Central tentorial herniation
What part of the brain is shown here?
Head of caudate
Answer: dopamine
In Parkinson’s Disease, symptoms generally start to appear when 60-80% of the nigrostriatal dopiminergic neurons degenerate.
What part of the brain is shown here?
Left substantia nigra
Note: the image is upside down, hence the left and right labels are correct.
Answer: The striatum
Using glutamate as the excitatory neurotransmitter, the motor cortex stimulates the striatum to enhance or diminish the direct or indirect pathway; causing changes in the amount of motor cortex stimulation in a highly controlled feedback loop.
Answer: Its function includes limb flexion and fine movements
Answer: Basilar artery
Upon autopsy of a patient with Parkinson’s Disease, the following histological structure is noted. What is it called and what is it comprised of?
Answer: A Lewy body, comprised of alpha-synuclein
During the pathological process of Lewy body dementia and Parkinson’s Disease, normal functional tissue (of the cerebrum and basal ganglia, respectively) undergoes degeneration and replacement by Lewy bodies; a lesion comprised of proteins and/or lipids.
In Parkinson’s Disease, the Lewy bodies comprise of the peptide alpha-synuclein; a pathological hallmark of the disease obtained on post-mortem biopsy. The function of alpha-synuclein in the healthy brain is unclear.
What part of the brain is highlighted here?
Anterior comissure
Answer: Glossopharyngeal nerve, lingual branch from the trigeminal nerve, and chorda tympani branch from the facial nerve
Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Answer: Lesion shown by pin 1
Answer: Sensory loss over anterior thigh/knee and a reduced knee reflex
Leg reflexes: L3/4 - “kick the door” (patellar reflex), S1/2 - “buckle my shoe” (Achilles reflex)
Answer: Ulnar nerve
Answer: Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Answer: Foramen spinosum
Answer: Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
Answer: Optic tract
Answer: Amitryptiline
Tension headaches typically produce bilateral, constant, mild to moderate pain. They are often associated with stress, fatigue, and tension. Chronic tension headaches constitute 15 or more days of headaches in a month. Acute treatment is simple analgesics, such as NSAIDs and paracetamol. Tricyclic antidepressants like amitryptiline are an effective preventative but entail an unfortunate side-effect profile.
Answer: Lesion shown by pin 4
Answer: temporal lobe
Answer: 10
Answer: 11
Answer: Medulloblastoma
Homer Wright Rosettes are circular groupings of dark tumour cells surrounding pale neurofibrils (small blue cell tumours from neural crest ectoderm). This histologic finding is found in neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma and retinoblastoma.
Note: Do not confuse with Perivascular Pseudorosettes/Rosettes found in Ependymomas
Answer: Musculocutaneous
Answer: none of the above
Answer: Fovea
The fovea is the area of highest visual acuity, consisting of 100% cones to ensure that the most light is processed. Cones provide ability to see colour, but only in bright light. The area around the fovea has a pale yellow pigmentation known as the macula.
Answer: Maxillary artery
Answer: Lesion shown by pin 3
Answer: 13
E3 V5 M5
Answer: Medial cutaneous
Answer: Group B Streptococcus
Neonates are particularly vulnerable to Group B streptococci, E. coli, and Listeria monocytogenes.
Answer: Bitemporal hemianopia
Bitemporal hemianopia (loss of the outer half of both visual fields) is often due to compression of the optic chiasm (e.g. by a pituitary adenoma).
Answer: Radial nerve
Answer: Tonsillar herniation
Answer: Radial
Answer: Pudendal nerve
Recall: the “POOdendal” nerve
Answer: Elevation, intorsion, adduction
NOTE: The action of the eye muscle and the movement of the eye during clinical testing are two distinct questions. This question often confuses students. Review the following diagrams for further explanation.
In its primary position, the superior rectus elevates the eye and since it connects in a medically oblique plane (23° angle with visual axis), its secondary actions are adduction and intorsion.
Answer: Sensory inattention
Parietal lobe lesions can cause: sensory inattention, apraxias, tactile agnosia, inferior homonymous quadrantonopia, Gerstmann’s syndrome (alexia, acalculia, finger agnosia, right-left disorientation)
Answer: Superior orbital fissure
Answer: Median nerve
Answer: locus coeruleus
Answer: Internal carotid
The internal carotid artery is immediately lateral to the chiasm. Ballooning of the vessel wall, (an aneurysm), can cause pressure on the chiasm and cause partial, nasal hemianopsia.
Answer: Suprascapular nerve
Answer: Meyer’s loop
Answer: Lateral spinothalamic tract
Which brain lobe is highlighted?
Occipital
Answer: The posterior limb of the internal capsule
Answer: Broca’s aphasia
What is highlighted here?
Red nucleus
Answer: Olfactory (I)
Answer: CT scan of the head without contrast
Answer: Lingual branch from the trigeminal nerve only
Answer: Anterior communicating artery
Answer: optic (II), oculomotor (III)
Answer: viral meningitis
Answer: Seizures
Answer: The man in Panel A has central facial weakness, and the woman in Panel B has peripheral facial weakness
In response to the request “Show me your teeth,” subjects in both Panel A and Panel B demonstrate right lower facial weakness. The man in Panel A has a central facial weakness, as demonstrated by the furrows on both sides of the forehead, indicating intact upper facial muscles bilaterally, and he can close both eyes. The woman in Panel B has no furrows on the right side of the forehead, and her right eye is open wider than her left, indicating weak right upper facial muscles. She has peripheral facial weakness caused by a lesion of the facial nerve or in the pons.
Answer: Basilar artery
Answer: The amygdala
What part of the brain is highlighted here?
Right hippocampus
Answer: Cerebellar lobes
Answer: Posterior bundle of the right optic radiation
Answer: Anterior corticospinal tract
Answer: Middle portion of the right calcarine sulcus
The calcarine sulcus (or calcarine fissure) is an anatomical landmark located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain. The calcarine sulcus is where the primary visual cortex is concentrated.
Answer: Right optic nerve
Answer: 18-24 months
Answer: pia, arachnoid
Answer: Anterior cerebral artery
Answer: Transcalvarial herniation
Answer: Posterior cerebral artery
Where do we normally perform a lumbar puncture?
Answer: to the contralateral side
Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Answer: Cerebral peduncle
Answer: Medulla oblongata
Answer: Hippocampus
Answer: Anterior commisure
Answer: Internal capsule
Answer: Superior colliculus
Answer: Hippocampus
Answer: Pineal gland
Answer: Mammillary body
Answer: Caudate nucleus
Answer: Infundibulum
Answer: Fornix
Answer: Claustrum
Answer: Cerebral peduncle
Answer: Caudate nucleus
Answer: Internal capsule
Answer: Extreme capsule
Answer: Anterior column of fornix
Answer: Corpus callosum
Answer: External globus pallidus
Answer: Hippocampus
Answer: Putamen
Answer: Septum pellucidum
Answer: Corona radiata
Answer: Caudate nucleus
Answer: External capsule
Answer: Inferior colliculus
Answer: Substantia nigra
Answer: Internal capsule
Answer: Lateral fissure
Answer: Lateral ventricles
Answer: Olfactory tract
Answer: Tail of Caudate nucleus
Answer: Globus Pallidus
Answer: Insula
Answer: Septum
Answer: Third ventricle
Answer: Optic chiasm
Answer: Putamen
Answer: Corpus callosum
Answer: Superior cerebellar peduncle
Answer: Thalamus
Answer: Internal globus pallidus
Answer: Internal capsule
Answer: Internal capsule
Answer: Caudate nucleus
Answer: Caudate nucleus
Answer: Insula
Answer: Septum pellucidum
Answer: Mammillary body
Answer: Lateral ventricles
Answer: Subthalamic nucleus
Answer: Temporal lobe
Answer: Body of fornix
Answer: Optic nerve
