Cardiology 2/2 Flashcards
Answer: Option C
Answer: Decreased heart rate and contractility of the myocardium
Answer: Ischaemic heart disease
Answer: Staphyloccous aureus
The presentation of acute infective endocarditis depends on the virulence of the pathogen. Virulent organisms (s. aureus, beta-haemolytic streptococci, pneumococci) attack previously normal cardiac valves and present with a high fever, produce embolic abscesses, and rapidly destroy cardiac structures. Non-virulent organisms (s. viridans, enterococci, coagulase negative staphylococci) tend to produce a more indolent illness, with a low grade fever, and little destruction of cardiac structures.
Staphyloccous aureus is the most common cause of acute infective endocarditis in IV drug users.
Answer: S2
Answer: QT interval
Answer: Osler’s nodes
Answer: Infective endocarditis
Answer: ECG changes in leads II, III, and aVF
Answer: Mitral stenosis
Answer: Blanching, non-painful erythematous lesions on palms of hands and soles of feet
Answer: Mitral stenosis
An opening snap is a high-pitched sound that occurs in mitral stenosis
Answer: Phase 3
Answer: 0-8 mmHg
Answer: A patient in congestive heart failure secondary to systolic dysfunction
Answer: Phase 0
Answer: Hyperkalemia: peaked T waves
Answer: Point B
Answer: Aortic regurgitation
Answer: Aortic regurgitation
Answer: S1
Answer: Mitral stenosis
Malar flush is a plum-red discolouration of the high cheeks, classically associated with mitral stenosis. It occurs secondary to CO2 retention and its vasodilatory effects.
Answer: BNP
Answer: Aortic stenosis
During ventricular ejection, LVP (left ventricular pressure) exceeds AP (aortic pressure), as indicated by the grey area, i.e. the pressure gradient generated by stenosis.
Answer: right coronary artery
Answer: Mitral valve prolapse
Answer: 1-3 days
Answer: class I; phase 0
Answer: Tricuspid regurgitation
Answer: Point A
Answer: Infective endocarditis
Answer: Aschoff body
Which of the following waveforms describes what you will hear when auscultating a patient with MITRAL STENOSIS?
Answer: Waveform E
Which of the following waveforms describes what you will hear when auscultating a patient with AORTIC REGURGITATION?
Answer: Waveform D
Note that depending on the source, aortic regurgitation can also be described as a mid-diastolic murmur continuing into late diastole (contrary to the pan-diastolic murmur illustrated).
Answer: Aortic regurgitation
Which of the following waveforms describes what you will hear when auscultating a patient with PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS?
Answer: Waveform F
What heart sound is associated with mitral regurgitation?
This is an example of a pan-systolic murmur, commonly associated with mitral regurgitation.
The first and second heart sounds are normal. A mid-frequency rectangular murmur occurs during the entirety of systole.
Which of the following waveforms describes what you will hear when auscultating a patient with AORTIC STENOSIS?
Answer: Waveform B
Answer: Hypokalemia: U waves
Answer: Mitral valve
Answer: Swollen, red, and painful lesions found on the hands and feet
Answer: Sinus rhythm, low volume, slow rising
Answer: Mitral valve stenosis
Answer: Hypercalcemia: shortened QT interval
- A) A normal person whose stroke volume increases as preload increases
- B) A patient in congestive heart failure secondary to diastolic dysfunction
- C) A patient in congestive heart failure secondary to systolic dysfunction
- D) A patient in congestive heart failure treated pharmacologically with a positive inotrope
- E) A patient with normal left ventricular function who is receiving intravenous dobutamine (an inotropic agent that directly stimulates β₁ receptors)
= E) A patient with normal left ventricular function who is receiving intravenous dobutamine (an inotropic agent that directly stimulates β₁ receptors)
If an individual with normal cardiac contractility is administered a positive inotropic agent (such as dobutamine), the contractility will increase without the need for increased preload.
Answer: Point C
Answer: Polyarthritis, carditis, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum, chorea
Which of the following waveforms describes what you will hear when auscultating a patient with MITRAL REGURGITATION?
Answer: Waveform C
Answer: Pulmonary stenosis
Answer: Aortic stenosis
Answer: Infective endocarditis
Roth spots are retinal haemorrhages with small clear centres, and occur due to microembolisation of thrombi from infective endocarditis.
Answer: Fibrinous pericarditis
Answer: Prosthetic heart valve
Answer: S3
Answer: Ventricular tachycardia
Answer: Posterior MI
Answer: NYHA II
Answer: Aortic valve regurgitation
Answer: Left ventricular aneurysm
Portable chest radiograph taken in ICU reveals a bulge at the cardiac apex.
Answer: HMG-CoA reductase
Answer: Contraction band necrosis due an excess of Ca2+
Answer: It is a recognised presenting feature of pulmonary embolism
Answer: One large 5mm x 5mm box on an ECG paper represents 0.2 seconds time and 0.5 mV amplitude.
Answer: Less than 24 hours
There are no nuclei in the slide, therefore we can suspect coagulative necrosis has occurred; this form of necrosis takes approx. 24 hours to manifest.
Also, there are no neutrophils present, therefore the time from infarction is less than 24 hours.
Answer: Acute ischaemia
Inferior leads (II, III, and aVF) show T wave inversion due to acute ischaemia
Answer: 20 mmHg; 10 mmHg
Answer: two of the major criteria, or one major criterion plus two minor criteria, are present along with evidence of Group A streptococcus infection
A 78 year old male with a history of recurrent syncope undergoes surgery for aortic valve disease. A hard, markedly deformed valve is observed, and shown in the image.
What is the likely diagnosis?
Answer: Calcific aortic stenosis
Answer: Pulmonary, aortic, bicuspid, tricuspid
Answer: Months
A pseudoaneurysm may occur in the first 3-14 days following an infarct, however a true ventricular aneurysm can occur from day 14 onwards, up to months following the event.
Answer: 1-3 days
This is an image of pericarditis, which is seen from day 1 to 3.
Answer: Isovolumetric relaxation
Einthoven’s triangle is a schematic representation of three limb leads used in electrocardiography. Which option depicts the correct Einthoven’s triangle?
Answer: Option A
Answer: Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB)
Answer: Calcification
Answer: Months
Type I collagen (i.e. fibrous scarring) is seen in this image; thus the time from the infarction is months.
Answer: S. bovis
Answer: Coxsackie viruses
Answer: Coagulative necrosis
Answer: Rheumatic heart disease
Answer: 1-3 days
Answer: 4-7 days
Answer: Cardiac tamponade
Front chest x-ray demonstrates marked enlargement of the cardiac outline. This was due to pericardial effusion and is a good example of the water bottle sign. This refers to the shape of the cardiac silhouette on erect frontal chest x-rays in patients who have a very large pericardial effusion.
