Cardiovascular 1/2 Flashcards
Answer: Staphylococcus epidermidis
Answer: colorectal carcinoma.
Answer: TSH
Answer: Stroke volume
Answer: Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis
Answer: AV node
Answer: Blocking calcium channels
Answer: Inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue
Answer: Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
Answer: Third-degree AV block
Answer: They block fast sodium channels
Answer: Supraventricular tachycardia
Answer: Coxsackievirus
Answer: Second-degree AV block (Type II)
Answer: Option D
Answer: Hypokalaemia
Note the presence of a U wave, with the associated flattened T wave. The merging of the T wave and the U wave is often misinterpreted as a prolonged or wide QRS; don’t fall for this common student trap! Also note the depressed ST segment, especially marked in Lead II. Causes of hypokalaemia include anorexia, chronic alcohol use, gepphagia, alkalosis, and thiazide/loop diuretics (among others).
Answer: Atrial Flutter
Answer: II, III, and aVF
Answer: Irregularly irregular
Answer: Left heart failure
Answer: Prolongation of the QT interval
Torsade de pointes is an uncommon and distinctive form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) characterized by a gradual change in the amplitude and twisting of the QRS complexes around the isoelectric line (see the image below). Torsade de pointes, often referred to as torsade, is associated with a prolonged QT interval, which may be congenital or acquired. Torsade usually terminates spontaneously but frequently recurs and may degenerate into ventricular fibrillation.
Answer: small but sustained inward current of calcium ions
Answer: Bundle branch block
Answer: First-degree AV block
Answer: Sinus bradycardia
Answer: Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels
Answer: Persistent elevation >1mm in 2 limb leads and elevation > 2mm in 2 contiguous chest leads.
Answer: 1st degree AV block
Answer: Amiodarone
For a patient with atrial fibrillation who has a normal left ventricular function and no coronary disease, flecainide is preferred. For a patient with atrial fibrillation who has left ventricular dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction less than 40%), or coronary disease, amiodarone is preferred as there is no negative inotropic effect.
Answer: Ventricular depolarisation, ventricular repolarisation, and atrial repolarisation
Answer: Sinus tachycardia
Answer: Patent ductus arteriosus
Answer: Atrial fibrillation
Answer: Digoxin
Answer: Atrial septal defect
Answer: Mitral valve regurgitation
Answer: Option A
Answer: Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation
Answer: K+ efflux
Answer: Bifascicular block
Answer: Left bundle branch block (LBBB)
Answer: Atrial flutter with variable block
The degree of AV block varies from 2:1 to 4:1
The diagnosis of flutter with variable block could be inferred here from the R-R intervals alone (e.g. if flutter waves were indistinct) — note how the R-R intervals during periods of 4:1 block are approximately double the R-R intervals during 2:1 block.
Answer: 2nd degree AV block, Mobitz type I (Wenckebach)
Answer: S. viridans
Answer: S. aureus
Answer: Subendocardial infarct
Answer: Atrial flutter with 4:1 block only
Atrial flutter with 4:1 block,
- There is 4:1 block, resulting in a ventricular rate of 75 bpm.
Answer: Lignocaine
Lidocaine is a class IB anti-arrythmic drug that inhibits sodium channels, shortens repolarisation and decreases the QT interval.
Answer: Normal sinus rhythm
Answer: Mitral stenosis
Answer: Atrial fibrillation
Answer: Supraventricular tachycardia
This arrhythmia has such a fast rate that the P waves may not be seen.
Clinical Tip: SVT may be related to caffeine intake, nicotine, stress, or anxiety in healthy adults.
Answer: Class III, Phase 3
Answer: I, aVL, V5-6
Answer: His-Purkinje system
Answer: Atrial fibrillation
Answer: Atrial fibrillation
Answer: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase
Statins inhibit the hepatic synthesis of cholesterol. They do this by inhibiting HMG CoA reductase, the enzyme responsible for the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis.
Answer: Atrial flutter
There is a 2:1 AV block resulting in a ventricular rate of 150 bpm
Answer: atria and ventricles
Answer: Activates PPARs and thus lipoprotein lipase
Answer: First-degree AV block
PR Interval: Prolonged (>0.20 sec)
Answer: Coagulative necrosis
Answer: Phase 2
Answer: class IV; phase 2
Answer: Second-degree AV block (Type I)
Answer: CK-MB
Answer: Fibrosis
Answer: Systolic dysfunction
Answer: Diastolic dysfunction
Answer: Verapamil
Blocks L-type, voltage-gated, Ca2+ channels which are important in the action potential plateau and in particular affects action potential propagation in the SA and AV nodes. Shows use-dependence so is more active in tachyarrythmias. Decreases automaticity and slows AV conduction.
Answer: Subendocardial ischaemia
Widespread subendocardial ischaemia due to LMCA occlusion
Answer: Left bundle branch block (LBBB)
Answer: Right coronary artery
Answer: Old inferior MI
Answer: Second-degree AV block (Type I)
Answer: Coagulative necrosis with interstitial infiltration of neutrophils
Answer: Old inferior MI with first-degree heart block
Answer: Phase 3
Answer: class III; phase 3
Answer: First-degree AV block
PR Interval: Prolonged (>0.20 sec)
Answer: class II; phase 4
Answer: Spironolactone
Answer: 3rd heart sound
Answer: Atrial systole
Answer: Macrophage influx
Answer: None of the above
Answer: ECG changes in leads I, aVL, V5, and V6
Answer: Mitral regurgitation
Answer: Sinus tachycardia
Answer: Rapid filling
Answer: ST segment elevation with Q wave formation in the precordial leads (V1-6) ± the high lateral leads (I and aVL).
Answer: 1. Funny Na+ channels are open, 2. Transient Ca2+ (T-type) channels open, 3. Long-lasting Ca2+ (L-type) channels open, 4. Opening of K+ channels and closing of Ca2+ (L-type) channels.
Note that the funny channels are called thus as they let sodium into the cell, but also let potassium out of the cell. This mixed permeability allows for a slow, but automatic, depolarisation of the cardiac pacemaker cell.
Answer: Rhythm 1 and 4
Heart rhythms associated with cardiac arrest are divided into two groups: shockable rhythms (ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VF/pVT)) and non-shockable rhythms (asystole and pulseless electrical activity (PEA)). The main difference in the treatment of these two groups is the need for attempted defibrillation in patients with VF/pVT.
Answer: Excess afterload
Answer: LAD
Answer: Aortic regurgitation
Answer: Mitral regurgitation
Answer: Severe aortic regurgitation is shorter in duration compared with mild aortic regurgitation.
Answer: Ischaemia
Answer: Splinter haemorrhages, Osler’s nodes, Janeway lesions
Answer: Tricuspid regurgitation
Answer: Aortic stenosis
Answer: Diastasis
Answer: Third-degree AV block
Answer: Clopidogrel
Answer: chronic obstructive airway disease
Answer: Coagulative necrosis
Answer: Posterior infarct
Answer: Option B
Answer: Pericarditis
Patients presenting with acute pericarditis demonstrate diffuse ST segment elevation in all leads except aVR and V1 (see above).
Answer: Tunica adventitia
