Gastrointestinal Flashcards
Answer: rectum only
Answer: H. pylori
Answer: Submucosa
Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma
Risk factors include the following:
SCC: alcohol, smoking, hot drink consumption
Adenocarcinoma: Barrett’s oesophagus (columnar metaplasia of the distal oesophagus secondary to chronic GORD)
Answer: Superior mesenteric artery
Answer: Choledocholithiasis
Answer: Crohn’s disease
Answer: Familial adenomatous polyposis
Answer: T12
Answer: Inferior vena cava
Answer: lateral, both the deep and superficial inguinal rings
Answer: non-invasive marker of GI inflammation with high sensitivity
Answer: Eosinophilic oesophagitis
Eosinophilic esophagitis commonly presents with recurrent dysphagia, often with food impactions. Many patients have a history of prior or concurrent asthma, food allergies, or eczema. Endoscopic findings may include a ringed oesophagus, vertical furrows, small white plaques, and friable mucosa; however, some patients have a normal-appearing oesophagus. In achalasia, endoscopy would demonstrate a dilated oesophagus with a tight lower oesophagal sphincter. Scleroderma would present with a pipe-like oesophagus and severe erosive esophagitis. Large, raised, yellow-white plaques would be evident on endoscopy if the patient had oesophagal candidiasis. Schatzki’s rings can cause solid food dysphagia but rarely produce food impaction.
Answer: Human papilloma virus
Answer: sporozoites, hepatocytes, merozoites
The clinical features of malaria are non-specific and the diagnosis must be suspected in anyone returning from an endemic area who has features of infection. Plasmodium falciparum is the most dangerous of the malarias and patients are either ‘killed or cured’. The onset is often insidious, with malaise, headache, and vomiting. Cough and mild diarrhoea are also common. The fever has no particular pattern. Jaundice is common due to the haemolysis and hepatic dysfunction. The liver and spleen enlarge and may become tender. Anaemia develops rapidly, as does thrombocytopenia. A patient with falciparum malaria, apparently not seriously ill, may rapidly develop dangerous complications.
Answer: Ranitidine
Answer: Achalasia
The patient has dysphagia to both solids and liquids, which suggests a motility disorder rather than a mechanical or obstructive process such as a tumour or ring. Zenker’s diverticulum, a cricopharyngeal outpouching that can trap food, could produce some of the symptoms seen in this patient (ie, regurgitation) but would be unlikely to cause such profound dysphagia, especially to liquids. Zenker’s diverticulum is often associated with aspiration pneumonia, which this patient does not have. In patients with achalasia, the oesophagus becomes aperistaltic and the lower oesophageal sphincter fails to relax with swallowing. This produces significant dysphagia to solids and liquids as well as trapping of food in the oesophagus that often leads to regurgitation, especially when recumbent.
Answer: Alcoholic hepatitis
Answer: Glandular differentiation, lower third of oesophagus
Answer: Telangiectasia
Telangiectasia is a condition in which widened venules cause threadlike red lines or patterns on the skin. They may cause discomfort and require symptomatic treatment, but are usually benign in nature.
Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma
Leukoplakia along with high alcohol consumption and smoking are strongly linked with oral carcinoma.
Note that the presence of white plaque that can be scraped away is indicative of candidiasis.
Answer: Glucoronyl transferase enzymes
‘Patients with Gilbert’s syndrome have a defect in the gene that encodes for glucuronyltransferase, which results in a 60-70% reduction in the liver’s ability to conjugate bilirubin. This subsequent increase in serum concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin can lead to intermittent episodes of non-pruritic jaundice, which can be precipitated by fasting, infections, dehydration, surgery, physical exertion, and lack of sleep. Symptoms, including tiredness, that occur during episodes of jaundice are caused by the precipitating factor and do not result directly from Gilbert’s syndrome.’
Answer: Right shoulder
Answer: Left gastric artery