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Infection > Neurological Infections > Flashcards

Neurological Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main brain infections

A

Meningitis
Encephalitis
Brain abscess

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2
Q

What is meningitis

A

Infection/inflammarion of the lining of the brain

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of meningitis

A 
Headache
Fever
Stiff neck 
Photophobia
Rash 
Kernigs and brudzinskis sign
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4
Q

What is the kernigs and brudzinskis sign

A

When you flex the hip and knee and straighten it, it would be painful as you are stretching the meninges

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5
Q

What are the organism that can cause meningitis

A

Virus
Bacteria
Other infection

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6
Q

Which viruses can cause meningitis

A

Enterovirus

Mumps

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7
Q

Which bacteria can cause meningitis

A

Neiseria meningitis
Stepococcus penumonia
Group b streptococci (in neonates)

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8
Q

What are the other infections that can cause meningitis

A

Mycobacteria TB

Cryptococcus neoformans

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9
Q

Apart from infection what are the other causes of meningitis

A

Drug reactions
Autoimmune
Maligancy

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10
Q

What is encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain tissue itself

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of encephalitis

A 
Fever
Impaired GSF 
Confusion
Seizures
Focal neurology
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12
Q

What organism can cause encephalitis

A

Viruses: HSV1, EBV, CMV
Other: toxoplasm, syphyilis and listeria

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13
Q

What is a brain abscess

A

Pus within the brain parenchyma

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of brain abscess

A 
Fever
Headache
Low GCS
Focal neurology 
Seizure
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15
Q

Which organims if brain abscess usually due to

A

Bacterial infection

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16
Q

What are the 3 main routes of spread of bacterial infection to result in a brain abscess

A
  1. From ear, sinus or tooth
  2. Hameotogenous (blood)
  3. Direct spread e.g from trauma and brain fractures
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17
Q

What are the diagnostic approaches for neurological infections

A
  1. History
  2. Examination
  3. Blood test: cultures, labs, serology, blood pcr
  4. Imaging: CT and MRI
  5. Lumbar puncture for CSF sample
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18
Q

In a CSF what do we look at/for

A

Appearance
Cells
Protein
Glucose

19
Q

What is the apperance of CSF for bacterial infection

A

Turbid, purulent

20
Q

What is the apperance for a viral infection of CSF

A

Clear

21
Q

What is the CSF appearance in TB

A

Clear or cloudy

22
Q

What is the white blood cell count of CSF in bacterial infection

A

More than 100

23
Q

What is the viral CSF cells

A

5-1000 lymph

24
Q

What is the cell in tb in csf

A

5-1000 lymph

25
Q

What is the protein count in bacterial csf

A

High

26
Q

What is the protein count in viral csf

A

Normal or midly raised

27
Q

What is the protein count in tb

A

High

28
Q

What is the glucose levels in bacterial csf

A

Low

29
Q

What is the glucose levels in viral csf

A

Normal/slightly low

30
Q

What is the glucose levels in tb csf

A

Low

31
Q

How do we differentiate between viral meningitis and encephalitis

A

By imaging

32
Q

What is a contraindication of a lumbar puncture

A

Increased ICP due to a brain tumour/abscess so if you release the pressue it can cause brain herniation and brain can cone so the patient can die

33
Q

What are the indication of a ct scan before a lumbar puncture

A

Focal neurologu
GCS less than 12
Papilloedema
Seizure

34
Q

What are the contraindications of a lumbar puncture after a ct

A

Brain shift on imahing
Ongoing seizure
Coagulopathy
Infection at site of LP

35
Q

What is the treatment for meningitis in adults

A

Iv cetrifaxone

Iv dexamethasone

36
Q

What antibiotic do we give for someone with meningitis and as risk of penicillin resistant pneumo (travel)

A

Iv cetriaxone and add vancomycin

37
Q

What antibiotic treatment do we give for risk of listeria (over 60+ years, immunocompromised)

A

Iv cetrifaxone

Amoxicilin

38
Q

If somone is penicillin anaphylactic fo ceftrixaone what do we give

A

Iv chloramphenicol

39
Q

What is the treatment for encephalitis

A

Aciclovir

40
Q

Why is aciclovir given for encephalitis but not in meningitis

A

Aciclovir is a antiviral agent and encephalitis is caused by viruses of HSV1 or HS2 (herpes etc)

41
Q

What do we do with close contacts for meningitis

A

Report to public health and give them ciprofloxacin prophylaxis

42
Q

What is the antibiotic treatment for adults

A

Iv ceftriaxone and give dexamethasone

43
Q

What is the most common cause of meningitis in adults

A

Stepoccous penumoniae

Infection (17 decks)

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