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Infection > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

What are antimicrobials

A

Drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of micro-organisms

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2
Q

What are examples of antimicrobials

A 
Antibiotics 
Antiviral drugs 
Anti fungal drugs 
Anti protozoa 
Anti parasitc drugs
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3
Q

What are sites to where of groups of antibiotics can work

A

Bacterial cell wall and membrane
Nucleic acid synthesis
Protein synthesis

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4
Q

What types of antibiotics target the bacterial cell wall and and membrane

A 
Penicillins 
Cephalosporins 
Carbapenems 
Monobactams 
Glycopeptides
Polymxins
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5
Q

Which type of antibiotics target nucleic acid synthesis

A

Folate antagonists
Dna gyrase: Quinolones
Rna polymerase: rifmycins

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6
Q

Which type of antibiotics target protein synthesis

A

50s subunit:

  • macrolides
  • lincomycins
  • oxozolidiones
  • chroamphenicol

30s subunit:

  • tetracylines
  • aminoglycosides
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7
Q

Which type of bacteria lack a membrane

A

Gram positive bacteria

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8
Q

Which type of bacteria have a membrane

A

Gram negative

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9
Q

How do antibiotics inhibit the cell wall synthesis i.e target the cell wall and membrane

A

By creating beta lactam rings

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10
Q

Which antibitoics are beta lactam antibiotics

A

Penicillin
Chephalosporins
Carpanenems
Monobactams

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11
Q

What does glycopeptide target

A

target gram positive organism

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12
Q

What are examples of folate synthesis inhibitors

A

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

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13
Q

What do sulfonamide target in folate synthesis

A

PABA (structural analogues) so they compete

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14
Q

What are trimethoprim

A

Strucutrual analogues of folate so they compete with it

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15
Q

Is trimethoprim and sulfonamide safe in pregnancy

A

No because babies require folate

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16
Q

How can we measure the effectiveness of antibiotics

A

In vitro

In vivo

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17
Q

What is the minimum inhibitory concentration

A

The minimum in vitro concentration which an antibiotic can inhibit growth

18
Q

What is the minum bactericidal concentration

A

The minimum in vitro concentration which an antibiotic can kill bacteria

19
Q

How can we measure in vitro antibiotic effectiveness

A

By looking at:
Minimum inhibitory concentration
Minimum bactericidal concentration

20
Q

How can we detect resistance mutation

A

By PCR

21
Q

What do we need to consider in invivo effectiveness

A 
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Drug interaction 
Foreign material
Source control
Host immune response
22
Q

What are the factors in pharmokinetics

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

(ADME)

23
Q

What is distribution

A

The volume of distribution that relates to the concentration of drug in blood relative to the dose given

24
Q

Where does metabolism of drugs occur

A

in the liver

25
Q

Where are the sites of excretion

A

Renal excretion

Biliary or gut

26
Q

What is a small volume of distribution due to

A

Durg being plasma bound

27
Q

What is a large volume of distribution due to

A

Fat soluble drug

28
Q

What is antimicrobial resistance

A

The ability of the microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could successfully treat the microbe

29
Q

What are the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance

A
  1. Production of enzymes
  2. Changes to target sites or metabolic pathways
  3. Efflux pumps
30
Q

What are the 3 main pathogens restant

A

MRSA
VRE
ESBL

31
Q

What are examples of production of enzymes for antimicrobial resistance

A

Beta lactam enzymes can be produced which hydrolyse beta lactam molcule so the antibiotics cant work

32
Q

How can we stop production of beta lactam enzyme

A

Give decoy substrates that bind to the enzyme

33
Q

What are the ways in having changes to target sites of metbolic pathways

A 
Mutation to stop binding of beta lactams
Methylation of rRNA 
Mutations in the gene for DNA gyrase
Mutation in porin channles
Use of exogenous thymidine or thymidine for DNA synthesis
34
Q

How do efflux pumps cause antimicrobial resistance

A

Efflux pumps pump out the antibiotic from the bacterial cell via porins

35
Q

What are the 4 main drug immune mediated reactions

A

Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4

36
Q

What is type 1 immune mediated reactions

A

Ige mediated response

37
Q

What is type 2 immune mediated reactions

A

Cytotoxic production resulting in drug induced haemolysis

38
Q

What are type 3 immune mediated reactions

A

Immune complexes resultsin in serum sickness like (fever, rash, arthralgia) reactions after several days

39
Q

What is type 4 immune mediated reaction

A

Delayed hypersensitivity

40
Q

What does type 1 immune mediated response cause

A

Urticaria, angioedema, or anaphalyaxis reaction

41
Q

Which antibiotics are safe in pregnancy

A 
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Clindamycin
Glycopeptides
Metronidazole

Infection (17 decks)

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