Gastrointestinal Infections Flashcards
What are the common symptoms of GI infections
Abdominal pain or cramping
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Fever
What are the 2 main sources of organism for GI infections
Exogenous
Endogenous
What are the endogenous organisms
Organims in the system that are already in th GIT, if we disrupt it we can lose the balance of the organism
What are exogenous organism
Foreign organims that we introduce to the system that already was not there
How can we alter the gut microflora
Immunosuppresion e.g chemotherapy, steroids, antibiotics
What are the common gut flora
Anaerobes
Gram negative organism
Gram positive organism
Fungi
What are a group of gram negative organism
Enterobacteraeciae
Examples of enterobacteraeciae
E.coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
What are the bacterias that can affect us (exogenous organism)
Campylobacter Salmonella Vibrio Stap enterotoxin Clostridium perfringens
What are the viruses that can affect us (exogenous organism)
Rotavirus
Norovirus
What are the parasites that can affect us (exogenous organism)
Giardia
Worms
If you have oseophagitis what can this present as
Difficulty swallowing
If there is gastritis due to h.pylori what can it present as
Cramping and pain
If there is hepatits and abscess what can this present as
Jaundice and pain
If there is cholangitis what can this present as
Right upper quadrant pain
Jaundice
If there is pancreatitis what can this present as
Pain
Shock
If there is enteritis what can this present as
Watery diarrhoea
Shock
If there is peritonitis what can this present as
Pain
Shock
What is the definition of diarrhoea
Inflammaiton of the intestine
Intestine is not absoribing water from the stool
It is watery/loose stools (type5-7) that occurs at least 3time a day
How do we rate the types of the stools
Bristol stool chart
What is gastro-enteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
What can oesophagitis be caused by
CMV (cytomegalovirus)
What will oseophagitis show on endoscopyy
Ulcers
What will the biopsy for oesophagitis show
Inclusion bodies (owl eyes) which are viral replication
What is the treatment for oesophagitis
Reduce immunosuprresion Give ganciclovir (antiviral for CMV)
What is thrus/candiasis caused by
Overgrowth of candida albicans
Where is candida albicans usually found
In the gut flora
How do we treat thrush
Anti fungals called flucanazole
What is gastritis caused by
Helicobacter pylori
What can gastritic lead to
Stomach or duondeum ulcers
What is the diagnostic test for gastritis
Urea breath test
Rapid urease test (CLO) test
What can untreated h.pylori lead to
Stomach cancer
Gastric MALT lymphoma
What is the treatment of gastritis
Proton pump inhibitor
Clarithromycin (antibiotics)
Amoxicillin or metrodidaxole (if allergic to penicillin)
What type of diarrhoe does the small intestine present with
Watery diarrhoea
What type of diarrhoea does the large intestine present with
Bloody diarrhoea
What are the 2 main ways bacteria can cause diarrhoea
- Toxin production by the bacteria (enterotoxin)
2. Direct damage to the intestine that causes bloody diarrhoea
Which organism produce enterotoxin
Staph aureus Clostridum perfringens Clostridioides difficile Bacillus cereus Vibrio cholera
What type of bacteria is staph aurues
Gram positive cocci
How do we get staph aureus
Contaminated food by skin, or undercooked food
What onsent does staph aurues have
Rapid
What type of bacteria is clostridum perfringens
Gram positive bacilli
Where do we get clostridum perfringens from
Contaminated food
What is the symptoms of clostridium perfringens
Explosive diarrhoea
Cramping
How does c.diff (clostriodes difficile) overgrow
- broad spectrum antibiotics use
- proton pump inhibitor
What are the symptoms of c.diff
Foul smelling diarrhoea
Fever
Dehydration shock
What does c.diff form
Spores
What are the complication of c.diff toxin production
Toxic megacolon
Bowel perforation
What is the treatment for c.diff if mild
Metronidazole
What is the treatment for c.diff if moderate/severe
Vancomycin
What is the treatment for antibitoics with recurrent c.diff
Fidaxomycin
What are the other treatment methods for c.diff apart from antibitoics
Faecel transplant
What is bacillus cereus associated with
Rice that is not cooked and left at room temperature so spores germinate and produce toxin
What are types of toxin that bacillius cereus produce
Emetic : vomiting within 1-5 hours
Diarrhoeal: diarrhoea within 8-16 hours
What does vibrio cholera present as
Watery diarrhoea
Why does vibrio cholera cause watery diarrhoea
Opens CTFR channel, chloride is secreted into the gut lumen and sodium and water follow
Which bacteria cause direct damage to the mucosa
Salmonella
Shigella
Campylobacter
E.coli
What does salmonella enteritidis present with
Bloody diarhoea
Abdominal pain
What is the source of infection of salmonell enetritidis
Undercooked meat
How is salmonella typhi different to salmonella enteriditis
Salmonella typhi does nto cause gastro enteritis it causes enteric fever
It also takes longer to show symptoms
What are the symptoms of salmonella typhi
Fever Mylagia Abdominla pain Rash Constipation/diarrhoe/no bowel change
What antibiotic is salmonella typhi treated with
Azithromycin
What symptoms does shigella present with
Bloody diarhhoe
Abdominal pain
Colonic perforation
What are the complications of shigella
Reactive arthritis
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Conjunctivitis
What is camplyobacter jejuni associated with
Undercooked meat
Unpasterourised milk
Contamined water
What is a complication of campylobacter jejuni
Gullian barre syndrome
Reactive artrhitis
What are the antigens of e.coli
O
K
H
What does different antigens of e.coli result in
Different stereotypes of e.coli
What is the treatment of e.coli
No treatment because if you give antibiotics you will allow the toxin to come out of the e.coli and become released which makes outcome worse
Whata are the 3 main viral causes of diarrhoea
Rotavirus
Norovirus
Adenovirus
What is the history period of parastic infection for diarrhoea
Long
What are the types of parasites that can cause diarrhoea
Giardia
Worms
Shichstosomiasis
How is an acute diarrhoea investigate for infection
Stool sample is sent to microbiology
