neurological disorders pt 2 Flashcards
where does pain occur in the brain during a headache
dura mater, veins and arteries, cranial and cervical nerves
what does pain result from in a headache
pressure, displacement, or inflammation
muscle-contraction headaches
result from persistent contraction of the muscles of the scalp and neck due to stress
non-migranous vascular headaches
associated with dilation of the arteries, caused by fever, high altitude, eating disorder, food, chemicals
migraines
very painful type of headache, affects 5-20% of population at least once in their life
migraines are often __lateral and preceded by ____
uni (one sided), an aura or mood disturbance
classic migraines
begin with aura caused by vasoconstriction of arteries to occipital lobe, depolarization spreads, headache occurs when blood flow returns to normal
common migraines
no aura, affects 80% of people
cluster headaches
not a migraine per se, but they are unilateral and recur for days or weeks before disappearing
why does swelling happen in most cases
immune system attacks foreign bacteria and the waste remains there, creating pus
damage from an infection
originates from interfering with the blood supply, disrupting metabolism, altering neuronal membranes, forming pus, or causing swelling
viral infection
an RNA or DNA genome invades host cells in order to replicate
examples of viral infections
west nile, zika, covid
bacterial infection
bacteria replicate by cell division
brain abcess
pocket of pus caused by bacteria that destroy the cells in the area
mycotic infections
fungal infection, caused by mold, yeast or mushroom, very rare, but can happen to a persson after cancer or tuberculosis
malaria
parasitic infection, infects capillaries of the brain and causes hemorrhages
treating infections is typically removing the infectious agent T/F
False, it’s typically about managing the symptoms, especially for viruses
but antibiotics are good for bacterial infections
Myasthenia Grava
severe muscle weakness cause dby fatige after little activity or excercise, occurs at end of day and relieved by sleep, typically affecst women in their 30s
multiple sclerosis
myelin is attacked and destroyed in motor and sensory tracts, caused by bacteria, virus, or antibodies, more common in women of the northern hemisphere
symptoms show up go away and come back
hemiplegia
- Loss of voluntary movement on one side of body and changes to some reflexes
- Results from damage to cortex and basal ganglia contralateral to side of motor impairment
- most cases are older people with high blood pressure
- Normal people will flex toes down when stimulated bottom of foot, hemiplegia will extend their toes
huntington disease
chorea (writhing and twisting), intellectual deterioration and personality changes, slowed information processing, impaired recent memory
what is the cause of huntingtons
mutation in the huntingtin gene which results in a defective protein that accumulates in the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia, decreasing the inhibition of movement
tourette syndrome
genetic aspect, tics, between 2 and 15 years, larger putamen and smaller thalamus with visuospatal differences
3 progressive stages of symptomsin tourettes
tics of face limbs and body
tics are accomppanied by inarticulate cries
echolia and coprolalia join the party (repetition of others and inappropriate words)
angioma
abnormal blood vessels that divert the flow of blood, causing abnormalities in blood flow and pattern
aneurysm
elasticity of blood vessel walls are defective in one spot causing the vessel to balloon out and weaken
cerebral vascular disorder
damage to blood vessels reducing or eliminating blood flow to a region, often occurring in the arteries due to high blood pressure
what is a stroke
sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of blood supply being interupted
what is the infarct
region of the brain directly impacted by a stroke and characetrized by dead and dying cells
3 types of cerebral vascular disorders
cerebral ischemia, migraine stroke, cerebral hemorrhage
cerebral ischemia
blocked blood vessel preventing enough blood from reaching the brin
thrombosis
cerebral ischemia, clot in the vessel that remains where it formed
embolism
cerebral ischemia, clot that formed in a larger vessel and got stuck in a smaller one
cerebral arteriosclerosis
cerebral ischemia, arteries thicken and harden restricting blood flow
migraine stroke
blood flow interuppted by constriction of the blood vessel, cause of constriction unknown
cerebral hemorrhage
failure of the blood vessel causing bleeding into brain, due to high blood pressure, trauma, or toxic chemicals
treating cerebral vascular disorders
restore blood supply, drugs to block cell death, and surgery to support an aneurysm or remove blood
positive symptoms of parkinsons
- resting tremor
- muscular rigidity
- involuntary movements like change in posture
negative symptoms of parkinsons
inability to maintain posture of body part, inability to stand up when laying down, difficulty walking, lack of tone in voice, akinesia (slowness of movement)
causes of pakinsons
often ideopathic (unknown), damage of cells of substantia nigra, drug induced can be reversed or not, when dopamine levels drop belowe 90%, some genetics
treatment of parkinsons
no cure, basically increasing dopamine levels again
