neurological disorders Flashcards

1
Q

who is at higher risk for TBI

A

males between 15 and 30, from sports and automobile accidents

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2
Q

longterm decrease in _____ following TBIs

A

glucose metabolism

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3
Q

open head injury

A

skull is penetrated by an object

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4
Q

closed head injury

A

blow to head that does not penetrate skull

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5
Q

coup

A

damage to the brain at the site of blow, caused by brain compressing against skull

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6
Q

contrecoup

A

damage to the brain at side of brain opposite of coup, caused by brain rebounding from initial injury and compressing against the skull

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7
Q

shearing

A

twisting or breaking of nerve fibers caused by rapid movement of brain inside skull

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8
Q

hematoma

A

mass of blood trapped in skull from hemorrhage

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9
Q

edema

A

swelling that can result in pressure on delicate nervous tissue, often buildup of immune system byproducts

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10
Q

effects of closed head injuries

A
  • coma,
  • impact on functions at location of coup and contrecoup,
  • loss of complex cognitive functions and efficiency,
  • personality changes,
  • behavioural changes,
  • difficulty concentrating
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11
Q

is neuroimaging or behavioural testing better for assessment of TBIs

A

behavioural testing

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12
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale

A

quantify unconsciousness
- measures eye opening, verbal response, and motor response
- 8 or less is severe
- 9-12 i moderate
- 13+ is mild

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13
Q

recovery from a TBI timeline

A

most is in first 6-9 months, then roughly 2-3 years

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14
Q

slowest cognitive function to recover a TBI

A

memory

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15
Q

is prognosis for recovery better or worse if you damage your brainstem

A

worse, the lower you go, the more life threatening

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16
Q

seizures

A

spontaneous abnormal discharge sof neurons cause by injury infection or tumours

17
Q

symptomtic vs ideopathic seizures

A
  • symptomatic - known cause
  • ideopathic - spontaneous with an unknown or not obvious cause
18
Q

common symtpoms of seizures

A

aura, loss of consciousness, movement

19
Q

precipitating factors of seizures

A
  • drugs,
  • stress,
  • sleep deprivation
  • fever
  • hormonal changes
  • sensory stimuli
  • trauma
  • hyperventilation
20
Q

focal seizures

A

begin in one location in the brain and spreads

21
Q

focal aware vs focal impaired awareness seizure

A

aware - conscious throughout
complex partial - generally aware seizure is starting, performs automatic behaviours, fixed posture, loses conscious awareness

22
Q

generalized seizures

A

occurs in both hemispheres without clear focus, characterized by four stages

23
Q

four stages of generalized seizure

A

1 - pre seizure, regular
2 - aura/tonic phase, loss of consciousness and breathing stops
3 - clonic phase, sterotyped motor behaviour
4 - like a coma, very tired

24
Q

akinetic/myoclonic seizures

A

seen in children only, sudden collapse and without warning, characterized by flexion or extension of the whole body

25
dissociative seizures
resemble focal seizures but no EEG changes, out of body experience, rare
26
tumours
Mass of new tissue that grows independent of surrounding cells that does not have a physiological purpose
26
what do brain tumours originate from
glia or other supporting cells as neurons do not grow or divide
27
benign vs malignant
benign do not reoccur after removal malignant are progressive
27
encapsulated tumours
localized in a distinct location, put pressure on surrounding tissue, in a sac like a cyst
28
infiltrating tumours
interact with surrounding cells and destroy or interfere with function, can disconnect neurons
29
types of brain tumours
glioma, meningioma, metastatic
30
glioma brain tumour
○ Arise form glial cells and infiltrate surrounding brain ○ Account for about 45% of brain tumours ○ Wide range of severity and responsiveness
31
meningioma brain tumour
○ Associated with the protective meninges that surround the brain ○ Benign and encapsulated ○ Cause symptoms by compressing adjacent brain tissue
32
metatstatic brain tumour
○ Tumour cells from elsewhere in the body start to grow in the brain ○ Usually more than one, making prognosis poor and treatment difficult ○ Really bad