neurological disorders

Question 1

who is at higher risk for TBI

Answer 1

males between 15 and 30, from sports and automobile accidents

Question 2

longterm decrease in _____ following TBIs

Answer 2

glucose metabolism

Question 3

open head injury

Answer 3

skull is penetrated by an object

Question 4

closed head injury

Answer 4

blow to head that does not penetrate skull

Question 5

coup

Answer 5

damage to the brain at the site of blow, caused by brain compressing against skull

Question 6

contrecoup

Answer 6

damage to the brain at side of brain opposite of coup, caused by brain rebounding from initial injury and compressing against the skull

Question 7

shearing

Answer 7

twisting or breaking of nerve fibers caused by rapid movement of brain inside skull

Question 8

hematoma

Answer 8

mass of blood trapped in skull from hemorrhage

Question 9

edema

Answer 9

swelling that can result in pressure on delicate nervous tissue, often buildup of immune system byproducts

Question 10

effects of closed head injuries

Answer 10

• coma,
• impact on functions at location of coup and contrecoup,
• loss of complex cognitive functions and efficiency,
• personality changes,
• behavioural changes,
• difficulty concentrating

Question 11

is neuroimaging or behavioural testing better for assessment of TBIs

Answer 11

behavioural testing

Question 12

Glasgow Coma Scale

Answer 12

quantify unconsciousness
- measures eye opening, verbal response, and motor response
- 8 or less is severe
- 9-12 i moderate
- 13+ is mild

Question 13

recovery from a TBI timeline

Answer 13

most is in first 6-9 months, then roughly 2-3 years

Question 14

slowest cognitive function to recover a TBI

Answer 14

memory

Question 15

is prognosis for recovery better or worse if you damage your brainstem

Answer 15

worse, the lower you go, the more life threatening

Question 16

seizures

Answer 16

spontaneous abnormal discharge sof neurons cause by injury infection or tumours

Question 17

symptomtic vs ideopathic seizures

Answer 17

• symptomatic - known cause
• ideopathic - spontaneous with an unknown or not obvious cause

Question 18

common symtpoms of seizures

Answer 18

aura, loss of consciousness, movement

Question 19

precipitating factors of seizures

Answer 19

• drugs,
• stress,
• sleep deprivation
• fever
• hormonal changes
• sensory stimuli
• trauma
• hyperventilation

Question 20

focal seizures

Answer 20

begin in one location in the brain and spreads

Question 21

focal aware vs focal impaired awareness seizure

Answer 21

aware - conscious throughout
complex partial - generally aware seizure is starting, performs automatic behaviours, fixed posture, loses conscious awareness

Question 22

generalized seizures

Answer 22

occurs in both hemispheres without clear focus, characterized by four stages

Question 23

four stages of generalized seizure

Answer 23

1 - pre seizure, regular
2 - aura/tonic phase, loss of consciousness and breathing stops
3 - clonic phase, sterotyped motor behaviour
4 - like a coma, very tired

Question 24

akinetic/myoclonic seizures

Answer 24

seen in children only, sudden collapse and without warning, characterized by flexion or extension of the whole body

Question 25

dissociative seizures

Answer 25

resemble focal seizures but no EEG changes, out of body experience, rare

Question 26

tumours

Answer 26

Mass of new tissue that grows independent of surrounding cells that does not have a physiological purpose

Question 26

what do brain tumours originate from

Answer 26

glia or other supporting cells as neurons do not grow or divide

Question 27

benign vs malignant

Answer 27

benign do not reoccur after removal
malignant are progressive

Question 27

encapsulated tumours

Answer 27

localized in a distinct location, put pressure on surrounding tissue, in a sac like a cyst

Question 28

infiltrating tumours

Answer 28

interact with surrounding cells and destroy or interfere with function, can disconnect neurons

Question 29

types of brain tumours

Answer 29

glioma, meningioma, metastatic

Question 30

glioma brain tumour

Answer 30

○ Arise form glial cells and infiltrate surrounding brain
○ Account for about 45% of brain tumours
○ Wide range of severity and responsiveness

Question 31

meningioma brain tumour

Answer 31

○ Associated with the protective meninges that surround the brain
○ Benign and encapsulated
○ Cause symptoms by compressing adjacent brain tissue

Question 32

metatstatic brain tumour

Answer 32

○ Tumour cells from elsewhere in the body start to grow in the brain
○ Usually more than one, making prognosis poor and treatment difficult
○ Really bad