Neurohistology Flashcards
General Organization.
Central nervous system (CNS) Brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS). ___, ____. ___ nerves.
Autonomic nervous system.
___.
____
___ ___ – serves ___ ___.
Peripheral nerves can come out of various places of the the spinal cord
Nerves that innervate ANS also come out of the spinal cord
In your gut you have almost the same nt complexity as you have in your brain. Like a ___ ___.
Some people say the brain is only there to fill the gut
General Organization. Central nervous system (CNS) Brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system (PNS). Cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves. Autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic. Parasympathetic. Enteric division – serves alimentary canal. Peripheral nerves can come out of various places of the the spinal cord Nerves that innervate ANS also come out of the spinal cord In your gut you have almost the same nt complexity as you have in your brain. Like a mini brain. Some people say the brain is only there to fill the gut
Nervous System Components
Sensory (___) component that ____ and ____s impulses ___ the central nervous system.
Motor (___) component that originates in the ___ and transmits impulses to __ ___ and tissues throughout the body.
S: Signal coming from periphery going in
M: start in brain and move out to periphery
Nervous System Components Sensory (afferent) component that receives and transmits impulses to the central nervous system. Motor (efferent) component that originates in the CNS and transmits impulses to effector organs and tissues throughout the body. S: Signal coming from periphery going in M: start in brain and move out to periphery
Cell Types.
Neurons
Afferent (____).
Efferent (___).
______ (____ neurons).
Neuroglia (=Glia)
___ ___ ____ cells.
Neurons transmit stuff from one place to another.
Interneurons: what have to do a lot of ____ to ____ the signals that get sent from one place to another.
Sent on afferent and efferents.
Processing that goes on, manipulating signal to the current sitation, that’s often done by these _____
In brain we also have glia. These don’t ___ ___ from place to place They are supporting cells They do some important stuff but we don’t spend a lot of time talking about them
They control some of the ____ fcns of the brain.
There is some evidence that they can ___ ____ neurons They are a ___ ___ cell
Cell Types. Neurons Afferent (sensory). Efferent (motor). Interneurons (connecting neurons). Neuroglia (=Glia) Non conducting supporting cells. Neurons transmit stuff from one place to another. Interneurons: what have to do a lot of integration to process the signals that get sent from one place to another. Sent on afferent and efferents. Processing that goes on, manipulating signal to the current sitation, that’s often done by these interneurons In brain we also have glia. These don’t conduct info from place to place They are supporting cells They do some important stuff but we don’t spend a lot of time talking about them They control some of the immune fcns of the brain. There is some evidence that they can turn into neurons They are a multifcnal support cell
Neurons General Structure.
This is a purkinje neuron.
In general, signals enter the ____, are ____ and an ____ representation of state of state of the neuron sent out the ___.
Dendrites- ____ input information,
Soma-the ___ ___. Is responsible all ___ ____ maintaining the cells and has a lot of ___ ___ ___(called ___ ___)
Axons –only ____ axon (but may ____).
Axon hillock is ____ of____ ____.
Axon terminals (______).
Supporting cells ____ cells, _____.
___ sheath.
____ branches.
Dendrites-____ dendrites.
Cell body – ____
Cell membrane – _____.
Organelles:
Neurofilaments - ___ ____
RER – as clumps known as __ ___
____
____
___ and ____
The proteins are transported on____ to all parts of the cells. The axon is the output for the cell and acts like a long ___ ___ to where the signal is suppose to go.
At the end of the axon are ____, the structure where the message is sent to the next cell.
When we think of a neuron this is often the immage we have in mind
This is the ____model
We have a cell body From the cell body we have projections.
Dendrites: on the receiving end of the neuronal signals. Other cells project their projections onto the dendrites. Dendrites are involved in ____ that and making sense of it. You have 1000s of signals coming from above and only signal out by AP then you have to figure out which one to signal
Dendrites are an Inegrating area of the cell that allows all this information to go to the +___ ___k
This (axon hillock) is where all the signals ___ and we fire off ___ ___ that can project down the axon
Outgoing process is an axon. Axons take info from cell body out to a distant point
If these cells were in the spinal cord and it was a motor cell and we needed to send a signal down to the muscles, we would integrate the input of whether or not we should fire this muscle cell off and if we did we would fire an AP here at the axon hillock. That would go down the cell and down to the muscles
Telodendria: Branching___ ___ at end of neuron that spreads out the ____ where its going to go. Axon has myelin sheath. This makes the signal go ___and more ____.
Very efficient transmitter of info. If we look closer, a lot is happening at the cell body (soma)
This is a purkinje neuron. In general, signals enter the dendrites, are summed and an integrated representation of state of state of the neuron sent out the axon. Dendrites- receive input information, Soma-the cell body. Is responsible all protein synthesis maintaining the cells and has a lot of rough endoplasmic reticulum (called Nissl bodies). Axons –only one axon (but may collateralize). Axon hillock is devoid of Nissl material. Axon terminals (Telodendria). Supporting cells Schwann cells, oligodendroglia. Myelin sheath. Collateral branches. Dendrites- numerous dendrites. Cell body – soma. Cell membrane – Perikaryon. Organelles: Neurofilaments - intermediate filaments. RER – as clumps known as Nissl substance. Mitochondria. Golgi. Lipofuscin and melanin. The proteins are transported on microtubules to all parts of the cells. The axon is the output for the cell and acts like a long conducting cable to where the signal is suppose to go. At the end of the axon are synapse, the structure where the message is sent to the next cell. When we think of a neuron this is often the immage we have in mind This is the Carrot model We have a cell body From the cell body we have projections. Dendrites: on the receiving end of the neuronal signals. Other cells project their projections onto the dendrites. Dendrites are involved in integrating that and making sense of it. You have 1000s of signals coming from above and only signal out by AP then you have to figure out which one to signal Dendrites are an Inegrating area of the cell that allows all this information to go to the axon hillock This (axon hillock) is where all the signals combine and we fire off action potentials that can project down the axon Outgoing process is an axon. Axons take info from cell body out to a distant point If these cells were in the spinal cord and it was a motor cell and we needed to send a signal down to the muscles, we would integrate the input of whether or not we should fire this muscle cell off and if we did we would fire an AP here at the axon hillock. That would go down the cell and down to the muscles Telodendria: Branching dendritic area at end of neuron that spreads out the signal where its going to go. Axon has myelin sheath. This makes the signal go faster and more efficiently. Very efficient transmitter of info. If we look closer, a lot is happening at the cell body (soma)
Nil Substance NS=__ __ __
Stains with ___ ____
Nucleolus= Assembles _____
Here is the Cell body enlarged. We have nissl substance You see this ____ stuff if you stain it with cresyl violet. Basically this is the rough ER in the neuron The neuron is often involved in synthesizing many proteins Protein syn engine
Nucleolus assembles the ribosomes so we get the right proteins being synthesized
Nil Substance NS=rough ER. Stains with cresyl violet Nucleolus= Assembles ribosomes Here is the Cell body enlarged. We have nissl substance You see this purple stuff if you stain it with cresyl violet. Basically this is the rough ER in the neuron The neuron is often involved in synthesizing many proteins Protein syn engine Nucleolus assembles the ribosomes so we get the right proteins being synthesized
Shapes of Neurons.
•Bipolar –__ ___, __ ___
Generally in special __ ___ such as ___, ___
•Unipolar (pseudobipolar , pseudounipolar) – __ ___ that projects the full length of the “___-___”. General form of __ ___ in various tissue to __ ___ in the CNS. These are the ones that innervate ___.
•
•Pseudounipolar neurons start out as ___ neurons which explains a lot about their___r.
•
•Multipolar – more than one __ __
•
•
What he just showed is the carrot model
Leaves of carrot sticks up and then we have a bulb and the carrot goes down
But a lot of neurons in the brain don’t look like carrots
Other nuerons:
Bipolar: cell body in the middle. Axons and dendrites ___ __ __, not much difference bw them. Generally polarized so info travels ___ direction
Unipolar(pseudobipolar/psuedounipolar ) Axon or dendrite on ___ of cell body. No ___ from cell body. Designed to transmit information from end of ___, into the ___very rapidly without a lot of inegration in the cell body. Cell body sits over here on a ___. A lot of time, the cell bodies are grouped in things called ___.
Baby pseudounipolar cell looks a lot like a bipolar cell
When we look at nt released from this cell, whats released in the ___ is mirrored by stuff that’s released into the ___. We are actually getting a __ ___transmission. Even though primary signal goes from tissue to the brain, the metab of the cell often shares components on both ends. Maybe its not so specialized that things only go one way
Multipolar: we will call this a ___
Shapes of Neurons.
•Bipolar –one axon, one dendrite. Generally in special sensory organs such as eye, ear.
•
•Unipolar (pseudobipolar , pseudounipolar) – single process that projects the full length of the “dendrite-axon”. General form of sensory receptors in various tissue to synaptic terminals in the CNS. These are the ones that innervate teeth.
•
•Pseudounipolar neurons start out as bipolar neurons which explains a lot about their behavior.
•
•Multipolar – more than one dendritic process
•
•
What he just showed is the carrot model
Leaves of carrot sticks up and then we have a bulb and the carrot goes down
But a lot of neurons in the brain don’t look like carrots
Other nuerons:
Bipolar: cell body in the middle. Axons and dendrites resemble each other, not much difference bw them. Generally polarized so info travels one direction
Unipolar(pseudobipolar/psuedounipolar ) Axon or dendrite on side of cell body. No integration from cell body. Designed to transmit information from end of dendrite, into the brain very rapidly without a lot of inegration in the cell body. Cell body sits over here on a stock. A lot of time, the cell bodies are grouped in things called ganglia.
Baby pseudounipolar cell looks a lot like a bipolar cell
When we look at nt released from this cell, whats released in the brain is mirrored by stuff that’s released into the tissue. We are actually getting a 2 way transmission. Even though primary signal goes from tissue to the brain, the metab of the cell often shares components on both ends. Maybe its not so specialized that things only go one way
Multipolar: we will call this a carrot.
Types of Neuroglia (Glia).
- ___(=astroglia)
- ___
- ____ and ____ Cells
- ___
- ___ cells.
Atrocytes surround the nerve __ ___, ___ ___ and the ___ ___ of the meningies and ependamal cells surrounding the ventricles.
Glia come in different flavors.
In the ____ they are called oliigodendroglia. In the ___ they are called schwann cells. They have similar fcns
Pericytes: these have to do with____ around vessels. Theres a lot of communication bw the brain and the vessels. MRI bold tells you __ ___ in diff parts of the brain. One of the things that controls that O2 level is the ____ and the cells around the blood vessels that cause the blood vessels to either contract or dilate
If you get a lot of CO2 in you, all those____ to try to get more blood into the brain. If you not using the brain that much, they will ___ down because it wont use very much O2. You can tell what the FCN of the brain is by following the amount of O2 in different regions of the tissue
Astrocyte: look like ____
Has some of its projections on the ___, some on___, some ___ layers that surround the ventricles in the brain. This is in a good place to ___ these environements and make manipulations to control them
Blood brain barrier: brain protected from ____ molecules getting in to it
___ and ____ control the passage of molecules from the blood into the brain
Part of that is regulated by __ ___. Brain is a diff compartment than the rest of the systemic circulation
Types of Neuroglia (Glia).
- Astrocytes (=astroglia)
- Microglia
- Oligodendroglia and Schwann Cells
- Pericytes
- Ependymal cells.
Atrocytes surround the nerve cell body, capillary walls and the ependimal cells of the meningies and ependamal cells surrounding the ventricles.
Banerjee S, Bhat MA.
Neuron-glial interactions in blood-brain barrier formation.
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2007;30:235-58. Review.
Glia come in different flavors.
In the brain they are called oliigodendroglia. In the periphery they are called schwann cells. They have similar fcns
Pericytes: these have to do with covering around vessels. Theres a lot of communication bw the brain and the vessels. MRI bold tells you O2 levels in diff parts of the brain. One of the things that controls that O2 level is the pericytes and the cells around the blood vessels that cause the blood vessels to either contract or dilate
If you get a lot of CO2 in you, all those dilate to try to get more blood into the brain. If you not using the brain that much, they will contract down because it wont use very much O2. You can tell what the FCN of the brain is by following the amount of O2 in different regions of the tissue
Astrocyte: look like stars
Has some of its projections on the neuron, some on vessel, some pendable layers that surround the ventricles in the brain. This is in a good place to Sense these environements and make manipulations to control them
Blood brain barrier: brain protected from ionized molecules getting in to it
Pericytes and Astrocytes control the passage of molecules from the blood into the brain
Part of that is regulated by TJ: tight jcn. Brain is a diff compartment than the rest of the systemic circulation
Astrocytes.
- They have radiating ____ and end___
- The end feet surround ____ - form part of the ___ __ ___.
- Astrocytes divide after ___ and can form ___ in the CNS.
- Astrocytes can release __ ___ to regulate___ activities.
- Astrocytes found through out the ____
–_____ astrocytes — mostly found in ___matter- branches are ___ and ___
–____ astrocytes - mostly found in ___ mater, ___, ___ branches.
–Both astrocyte types have ___ functions.
Stary-Stary Astrocytes=Green GFAP Stain (Glial fibrillary acidic protein), Blue DAPI Stain-DAPI nuclear Marker
When you have injury to brain and you scar up you will get an __ ___ and that can cause of ____. You get O2 starved cells and they start to become hyperactive and trigger epilepsy
Important for regulating a couple of important nt: ___ and ____
Astrocyte to blood vessel and linking out to other tissue In the brain
Astrocytes.
- They have radiating branches and end feet.
- The end feet surround capillaries - form part of the blood brain barrier.
- Astrocytes divide after injury and can form scars in the CNS.
- Astrocytes can release metabolic substrates to regulate neuronal activities.
- Astrocytes found through out the CNS.
–Protoplasmic astrocytes — mostly found in gray matter- branches are short and thick.
–Fibrous astrocytes - mostly found in white mater, long, slender branches.
–Both astrocyte types have similar functions.
Stary-Stary Astrocytes=Green GFAP Stain (Glial fibrillary acidic protein), Blue DAPI Stain-DAPI nuclear Marker
When you have injury to brain and you scar up you will get an abnormal focus and that can cause of epilepsy. You get O2 starved cells and they start to become hyperactive and trigger epilepsy
Important for regulating a couple of important nt: gabba and gluatamate
Astrocyte to blood vessel and linking out to other tissue In the brain
Microglia
- Microglia are ____ cells in the CNS that can ____
- Microglia when activated can act as part of the ___ ___ as ___ __ ___
- Early microglia ___ ___(M1), later help ___ ___(M2)
- Involved in___ ,____, ____, ____
Microglia after __ __ __ (TBI) stained for ___ marker
Microglia stained for ionized calcium adaptor binding molecule (Iab-1) an inflammation marker.
Loane DJ,Byrnes KR
Role of Microglia in Neurotrauma
The Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics
Neurotherapeutics, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2010
immunostained with anti-Iba-1
Amor S, Peferoen LA, Vogel DY, Breur M, van der Valk P, Baker D, van Noort JM.
Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases–an update.
Immunology. 2014 Jun;142(2):151-66. doi: 10.1111/imm.12233.
Part of the immune system of the brain. Act like the immune cells in the rest of the body. Bc of blood brain barrier brain needs its own set of immune cells that can get rid of trash and fix things.
M1: elaborated when there’s inflamm
This is a traumatic brain injury. You see that 3 days after TBI you have elaboration of the microglia. 7 days after you have even greater elaboration of microglia. These initial microglia are involved in inflammation and breaking down of __ __and maybe___ ___ and____ the trash from an injury
Second Phase:
M2: involved in resolving inflammation. After inflammation has served its usefulness.
Whole series of events. Proinflamm mediators, antiinflammatory mediators, microglia, resolution
Resolution occurs later on. Microglia are part of that process.
Microglia
- Microglia are phagocytic cells in the CNS that can divide.
- Microglia when activated can act as part of the immune system as antigen-presenting cells.
- Early microglia produce inflammation (M1), later help resolve inflammation (M2)
- Involved in Alzheimers, Parkinson’s, infections, TBI , etc.
Microglia after traumatic brain injury (TBI) stained for inflammation marker
Microglia stained for ionized calcium adaptor binding molecule (Iab-1) an inflammation marker.
Loane DJ,Byrnes KR
Role of Microglia in Neurotrauma
The Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics
Neurotherapeutics, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2010
immunostained with anti-Iba-1
Amor S, Peferoen LA, Vogel DY, Breur M, van der Valk P, Baker D, van Noort JM.
Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases–an update.
Immunology. 2014 Jun;142(2):151-66. doi: 10.1111/imm.12233.
Part of the immune system of the brain. Act like the immune cells in the rest of the body. Bc of blood brain barrier brain needs its own set of immune cells that can get rid of trash and fix things.
M1: elaborated when there’s inflamm
This is a traumatic brain injury. You see that 3 days after TBI you have elaboration of the microglia. 7 days after you have even greater elaboration of microglia. These initial microglia are involved in inflammation and breaking down of dead tissue and maybe killing bacteria and removing the trash from an injury
Second Phase:
M2: involved in resolving inflammation. After inflammation has served its usefulness.
Whole series of events. Proinflamm mediators, antiinflammatory mediators, microglia, resolution
Resolution occurs later on. Microglia are part of that process.
Oligodendroglia and Schwann Glia.
•Oligodendroglia are found only in the CNS.
–___ and ___ the axon.
–Form and maintain the __ ___ when it is present.
–Also - maintain ___ ___ axons.
–___ ____ wraps ___ neuron(s)
•Corresponding cells in the PNS are known as Schwann cells.
–___ ___ wrap __ neuron(s)
These cells are important for myelination
Even nonmyelnated neurons have a ___ __ of myelin around them
Oligo vs Schwan
One oligo wraps lots of diff neurons. Send process out.
Along entire process of neuron, a bunch of schwann cells will be wrapping that.
This is some new dye technology for demonstrating diff processes of neurons
Green fluoresent proteins
Oligodendoglioma: ___ in 4 mo.
Oligodendroglia and Schwann Glia.
•Oligodendroglia are found only in the CNS.
–Surround and maintain the axon.
–Form and maintain the myelin sheath when it is present.
–Also - maintain non myelinated axons.
–One oligo wraps many neurons
•Corresponding cells in the PNS are known as Schwann cells.
–Many Schwann’s wrap 1 neuron
These cells are important for myelination
Even nonmyelnated neurons have a single wrap of myelin around them
Oligo vs Schwan
One oligo wraps lots of diff neurons. Send process out.
Along entire process of neuron, a bunch of schwann cells will be wrapping that.
This is some new dye technology for demonstrating diff processes of neurons
Green fluoresent proteins
Oligodendoglioma: lethal in 4 mo.
Ependymal cells.
- Ependymal cells line the___s and ___ ___of the CNS.
- Apical portions of the cell ( facing the ___ ) have __ ___between the adjacent cells. Part of ___– ___ ___ Barrier.
Ependymal cells.
- Ependymal cells line the ventricles and central canal of the CNS.
- Apical portions of the cell ( facing the ventricle) have tight junctions between the adjacent cells. Part of Brain – Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier.
Heres the ependyma
Pia matter: a coating around the___ and a ___ ___
In the ependyma, some of this will form a specialized tissue called ___ ___
Heres the ependyma
Pia matter: a coating around the brain and a basement membraine
In the ependyma, some of this will form a specialized tissue called choroid plexus
Choroid Plexus.
- Choroid plexuses are folds composed of ___ and ___, then covered by a layer of ___ ___
- Function: It secrete ___ __ ___ that fills the___, __ __, and____ space and ___ the brain.
- A____/___ ___ is located in the choroid plexus.
•
B-Description Microphotograph of HE stained section of normal choroid plexus. Original magnification 100x this figure at 40X, Date 24 October 2006(2006-10-24) Source Own work Author Marvin_101-from wikipedia library
EM-http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/306503/view
Manufactures cerebrospinal fluid (fluid that sits in the vetricles of the brain)
Ventricles: ____ in brain that are filled with fluid
Brain is normally floating in cerebrospinal fluid
Sometimes if you get injection in your spinal cord or spinal tap CSF spues out
Then brain sinks down onto the skull and you get huge headache bc brain not floating
We have bb barrier bw ___ and the and ___
We have another barrier bw brain and ____. Keeps wrong molecules from easy access to cerebrospinal fluid where it can float around and cause trouble
•
•
Choroid Plexus.
- Choroid plexuses are folds composed of pia and capillaries, then covered by a layer of ependymal cells.
- Function: It secrete cerebro-spinal fluid that fills the ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space and floats the brain.
- A Blood/CSF barrier is located in the choroid plexus.
•
B-Description Microphotograph of HE stained section of normal choroid plexus. Original magnification 100x this figure at 40X, Date 24 October 2006(2006-10-24) Source Own work Author Marvin_101-from wikipedia library
EM-http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/306503/view
Manufactures cerebrospinal fluid (fluid that sits in the vetricles of the brain)
Ventricles: cavities in brain that are filled with fluid
Brain is normally floating in cerebrospinal fluid
Sometimes if you get injection in your spinal cord or spinal tap CSF spues out
Then brain sinks down onto the skull and you get huge headache bc brain not floating
We have bb barrier bw capillaries and the and brain
We have another barrier bw brain and ventricles. Keeps wrong molecules from easy access to cerebrospinal fluid where it can float around and cause trouble
•
•
Nuclei, Ganglia and Tracts.
- Nuclei are ____ of ____ ____ the central nervous system.
- Tracts are ____ of ____ with similar ____ ___ the CNS.
- A ganglion is defined as a group of nerve cell bodies located ___ the central nervous system. (Some exceptions, i.e. __ ___)
–Individual nerve cells in a ganglion may be called ___ ___
Tracts: ___ fiber, axonal appendages. Project from one ___ to another.
Basal ganglia: right in the ____ in the CNS. Not named way you expect it to be named.
Nuclei, Ganglia and Tracts.
- Nuclei are groups of neurons within the central nervous system.
- Tracts are aggregates of axons with similar function in the CNS.
- A ganglion is defined as a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system. (Some exceptions, i.e. basal ganglia)
–Individual nerve cells in a ganglion may be called ganglion cells.
Tracts: white fiber, axonal appendages. Project from one nucleus to another.
Basal ganglia: right in the middle in the CNS. Not named way you expect it to be named.
Ganglia.
- Sensory — _____ neurons with ___ ____ surrounding them (e.g., sensory cell bodies in the __ __ __.
- Autonomic :Two types
üSympathetic
üParasympathetic
•
Cell bodies for voluntary motor neurons are in the ___ ___
The ganglion that we are normally working with in dentistry are the ___ ganglia
The cell bodies that project to the sensory part of the spinal cord have their cell bodies in the sensory ___ root ganglion
Remember, the bipolar cells have there cell body off on a stock. Bc nucleus (cell body) is bigger than the fibers this part of the nerve tract is swollen bc it has all these cell bodies in it.
Another ___ cells has fiber to ___ and one to ___
Sensory input to spinal cord is in dorsal side of spinal cord
Sensory fiber also has Motor fibers on it that come out of ___ horn
There are some cells in the ____ horn: This is where cell bodies from___ ___ live. Cell projects out to ____ chain. This chain of neurons is going up and down your spinal cord
This system has a Short pregan fiber compared to long post gang. Sympathetic
Cell bodies for post gang cells are in this ganglia along the spinal cord.
Cell bodies for voluntary muscles are in __ ___. They project all the way out to the tissues.
Sensory fibers project to the dorsal horn and then the sensory cell bodies are in the dorsal root ganglia.
Autonomic: we have two types.
Symp: short pre, long post
Parasympathetic: projects from cranial scaral division
Ganglia.
- Sensory — pseudounipolar neurons with satellite cells surrounding them (e.g., sensory cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia).
- Autonomic :Two types
üSympathetic
üParasympathetic
•
Cell bodies for voluntary motor neurons are in the spinal cord.
The ganglion that we are normally working with in dentistry are the peripheral ganglia.
The cell bodies that project to the sensory part of the spinal cord have their cell bodies in the sensory dorsal root ganglion
Remember, the bipolar cells have there cell body off on a stock. Bc nucleus (cell body) is bigger than the fibers this part of the nerve tract is swollen bc it has all these cell bodies in it.
Another unipolar cells has fiber to tissue and one to brain
Sensory input to spinal cord is in dorsal side of spinal cord
Sensory fiber also has Motor fibers on it that come out of ventral horn
There are some cells in the Intermediate horn: This is where cell bodies from sympathetic ganglia live. Cell projects out to paravertebral chain. This chain of neurons is going up and down your spinal cord
This system has a Short pregan fiber compared to long post gang. Sympathetic
Cell bodies for post gang cells are in this ganglia along the spinal cord.
Cell bodies for voluntary muscles are in ventral horn. They project all the way out to the tissues.
Sensory fibers project to the dorsal horn and then the sensory cell bodies are in the dorsal root ganglia.
Autonomic: we have two types.
Symp: short pre, long post
Parasympathetic: projects from cranial scaral division
Sensory Dorsal Root Ganglia
- Ganglion cells are ______ cell bodies of sensory nerves.
- These large cells have a layer of ___ ___ that ___ ___
- The individual cells are ____e so that in individual sections only a few of the ____ are seen. ___ may or may not be seen in individual sections.
- Surrounding this is a thin layer of ___ ___ containing __ __and ___
•
(homologous-____ Ganglia)
Sensory Dorsal Root Ganglia
- Ganglion cells are pseudo unipolar cell bodies of sensory nerves.
- These large cells have a layer of capsule cells that provide support.
- The individual cells are large so that in individual sections only a few of the processes are seen. Nuclei may or may not be seen in individual sections.
- Surrounding this is a thin layer of connective tissue containing satellite cells and collagen.
•
(homologous-Trigeminal Ganglia)
