Homeo Flashcards
Mammals
Have a very ___ tolerance for change in their internal environment, within and around cells
Have highly refined mechanisms to offset or correct any change in their internal environment (that might impair normal metabolism or threaten survival)
Extremely complex organisms supported by assemblies of “functional units”
A functional unit typically contributes only a ____ of the activities that assure the health and survival of the organism
The functional units may be referred to as “Systems”
Mammals
Have a very low tolerance for change in their internal environment, within and around cells
Have highly refined mechanisms to offset or correct any change in their internal environment (that might impair normal metabolism or threaten survival)
Extremely complex organisms supported by assemblies of “functional units”
A functional unit typically contributes only a portion of the activities that assure the health and survival of the organism
The functional units may be referred to as “Systems”
Mammalian Systems (11)
Circulatory System: Distribution sys for the flow of blood to and from active cells
Respiratory System: Provides gases (O2) and removal of waste gases such as CO2 from the active cells. Also plays a role in pH regulation
Urinary System (Renal): Volume control system. Controls the water level of the body and the circulating volume. Also plays a key role in pH regulation
_______________________________________________________
Digestive System: Makes use of the circulatory system to carry nut thruout the body
_______________________________________________________
Skeletal System
Muscular System: Enables skeletal sys to move about
Integumentary System
______________________________________________________
Immune System: Key defense system. Being able to identify foreign bodies is a communication sys which can connect with the nervous sys and endocrine sys
Nervous System: Rapid response system to give feedback about info about the environ
Endocrine System: Slower response
______________________________________________________
Reproductive System: Makes use of endocrine system. Primarily focused on procreation of organism
Mammalian Systems (11)
Circulatory System: Distribution sys for the flow of blood to and from active cells
Respiratory System: Provides gases (O2) and removal of waste gases such as CO2 from the active cells. Also plays a role in pH regulation
Urinary System (Renal): Volume control system. Controls the water level of the body and the circulating volume. Also plays a key role in pH regulation
_______________________________________________________
Digestive System: Makes use of the circulatory system to carry nut thruout the body
_______________________________________________________
Skeletal System
Muscular System: Enables skeletal sys to move about
Integumentary System
______________________________________________________
Immune System: Key defense system. Being able to identify foreign bodies is a communication sys which can connect with the nervous sys and endocrine sys
Nervous System: Rapid response system to give feedback about info about the environ
Endocrine System: Slower response
______________________________________________________
Reproductive System: Makes use of endocrine system. Primarily focused on procreation of organism
The Cascade of Adjustments
Some are rapid and somewhat gross, others slower and discrete.
The resolution of the “disturbance” may occur over minutes, hours, even days or weeks.
Some disturbances cause injury to metabolic or structural elements of the body. Cells and tissues may die and have to be removed and replaced. Scar tissues may mend the damage
The Cascade of Adjustments
Some are rapid and somewhat gross, others slower and discrete.
The resolution of the “disturbance” may occur over minutes, hours, even days or weeks.
Some disturbances cause injury to metabolic or structural elements of the body. Cells and tissues may die and have to be removed and replaced. Scar tissues may mend the damage
Sympathetic turns on rapidly and turns off rapidly
Parasympathetic turns on slowly and persists for a longer period of time. Turns off more slowly.
Sympathetic turns on rapidly and turns off rapidly
Parasympathetic turns on slowly and persists for a longer period of time. Turns off more slowly.
Homeostasis
Functions performed by EACH body system that contribute to an environment that will ensure survival and optimal function of All CELLS
Cells make up Systems that each contribute a specific function that will contribute to the survival of the organism
Smaller organisms have less specialized systems
Larger organisms tend to have a greater number of more specialized systems that require integrated control
Larger organisms tend to function with more precision and have less tolerance for change
But they have more stable environment so that’s okay
Homeostasis
Functions performed by EACH body system that contribute to an environment that will ensure survival and optimal function of All CELLS
Cells make up Systems that each contribute a specific function that will contribute to the survival of the organism
Smaller organisms have less specialized systems
Larger organisms tend to have a greater number of more specialized systems that require integrated control
Larger organisms tend to function with more precision and have less tolerance for change
But they have more stable environment so that’s okay
The Body’s Systems
The Nervous System
Key integrator of what goes on
Nerves are made up of excitable membranes. Those have to be properly nourished to run smoothly.
Patient who has gone thru traumatic experience or electrolyte imbalance, you may see muscle spasms,
The Muscular Systems
Excitable membranes that are integrated by the nervous sys
So you can have muscle groups working together.
Or you can get muscles going into spasms bc of instability of those membranes.
People who have exercised intensely, circulatory sys can’t keep up delivering nutrients and getting rid of waste. Marathon runners end up with muscles in bad shape. People working in the fields all day and not hydrating, they have inadequate circulating volumes. Inability to run enough blood thru active muscles to flush out waste and deliver nutrients. When circulation is not adequate, can get muscle breakdown. Degradation products can end up in the kidneys. Creates clots
Crush syndrome: Rescuers who have been under beam for 48 hours. Critical moment is when you remove load. Muscles have started to break down. If that isn’t controlled well that will all get into general circulation. Trt: Put these people on dialysis to take control electrolytes of waste products that have just been released to circulatory sys
The Cardiovascular System
Circulatory System: Nourishment of brain that is very unstable. CPR…concern about brain damage. Brain needs constant supply of blood. Circulatory sys delivers blood and O2 all around the body. Deliver blood to and from the lungs.
The Urinary System
Kidney: high P filtration organs.
When they have adequate P, they make urine. When they don’t have enough P, they stop making urine.
Increase [] to conserve circulating volume
Any time P falls (Bc Heart isn’t pumping well or circulating volume is inadequate), kidneys will be presented with less P and there will be less urine made.
When Kidneys get that kind of message, they will start to try to conserve volume.
In the case of heart failure, the kidneys have misread what is going on. People develop edema and retain fluid inappropriately. Treat someone with heart failure with a diuretic…make more urine. At the same time give something to the heart like Digitalis or cardiotontic drug to increase contractility
The Respiratory System
The heart has two pumps in series. Low P pump on right side bc lungs cant tolerate high P. 5 fold difference of P from R to L heart
Respiratory Sys is bw those 2 pumps. Requires that lung not get too much P but also that blood is removed from the lungs.
The Digestive System
Requires lots of blood flow and Provides critical processes
Most of the time, we don’t have a lot of blood flow thru the gut (only after eating). There is not enough blood to fill all the vascular system at once.
Shock: brain not getting enough blood. Uncontrolled vasomotor tone. Too many spaces for blood to flow and not enough blood to fill it.
Certain times of day where you have high blood flow to gutDon’t swim until 30 min after you eat.
Impossible dilemma on vascular sys
Increased demand of large muscle groups that need a lot of blood flow.
Not enough blood for digestive sys. Get cramps and can drown
The Endocrine System
Blood borne communication system
Communication by chemical substances
The Reproductive System
Independent entity
The Body’s Systems
The Nervous System
Key integrator of what goes on
Nerves are made up of excitable membranes. Those have to be properly nourished to run smoothly.
Patient who has gone thru traumatic experience or electrolyte imbalance, you may see muscle spasms,
The Muscular Systems
Excitable membranes that are integrated by the nervous sys
So you can have muscle groups working together.
Or you can get muscles going into spasms bc of instability of those membranes.
People who have exercised intensely, circulatory sys can’t keep up delivering nutrients and getting rid of waste. Marathon runners end up with muscles in bad shape. People working in the fields all day and not hydrating, they have inadequate circulating volumes. Inability to run enough blood thru active muscles to flush out waste and deliver nutrients. When circulation is not adequate, can get muscle breakdown. Degradation products can end up in the kidneys. Creates clots
Crush syndrome: Rescuers who have been under beam for 48 hours. Critical moment is when you remove load. Muscles have started to break down. If that isn’t controlled well that will all get into general circulation. Trt: Put these people on dialysis to take control electrolytes of waste products that have just been released to circulatory sys
The Cardiovascular System
Circulatory System: Nourishment of brain that is very unstable. CPR…concern about brain damage. Brain needs constant supply of blood. Circulatory sys delivers blood and O2 all around the body. Deliver blood to and from the lungs.
The Urinary System
Kidney: high P filtration organs.
When they have adequate P, they make urine. When they don’t have enough P, they stop making urine.
Increase [] to conserve circulating volume
Any time P falls (Bc Heart isn’t pumping well or circulating volume is inadequate), kidneys will be presented with less P and there will be less urine made.
When Kidneys get that kind of message, they will start to try to conserve volume.
In the case of heart failure, the kidneys have misread what is going on. People develop edema and retain fluid inappropriately. Treat someone with heart failure with a diuretic…make more urine. At the same time give something to the heart like Digitalis or cardiotontic drug to increase contractility
The Respiratory System
The heart has two pumps in series. Low P pump on right side bc lungs cant tolerate high P. 5 fold difference of P from R to L heart
Respiratory Sys is bw those 2 pumps. Requires that lung not get too much P but also that blood is removed from the lungs.
The Digestive System
Requires lots of blood flow and Provides critical processes
Most of the time, we don’t have a lot of blood flow thru the gut (only after eating). There is not enough blood to fill all the vascular system at once.
Shock: brain not getting enough blood. Uncontrolled vasomotor tone. Too many spaces for blood to flow and not enough blood to fill it.
Certain times of day where you have high blood flow to gutDon’t swim until 30 min after you eat.
Impossible dilemma on vascular sys
Increased demand of large muscle groups that need a lot of blood flow.
Not enough blood for digestive sys. Get cramps and can drown
The Endocrine System
Blood borne communication system
Communication by chemical substances
The Reproductive System
Independent entity
Every BODY “knows” the primitive, rapid “fight or flight” survival reaction
Pupils____
___ pulse rate
___ respiratory rate
___ __ ___
___ ___
Muscles ___ and___, ___ with blood (Get filled up with blood)
Perhaps a ___ in your gut
__________
Need large muscle groups
Other systems suspended to give more blood to muscles (ex: gut)
Blood flow to skin:
Superficial blood vessels vasoconstrict which makes you pale, cold and clammy and Cold Sweat
Pressure in muscle can fill up so great that it restricts further blood flowà cramps
Pupils dilate: increase peripheral vision
Every BODY “knows” the primitive, rapid “fight or flight” survival reaction
Pupils dilate
Increased pulse rate
Increased respiratory rate
Pale, cold and clammy
Cold sweat
Muscles tense and tight, engorged with blood (Get filled up with blood)
Perhaps a tenseness in your gut
SYMPATHETIC
Need large muscle groups
Other systems suspended to give more blood to muscles (ex: gut)
Blood flow to skin:
Superficial blood vessels vasoconstrict which makes you pale, cold and clammy and Cold Sweat
Pressure in muscle can fill up so great that it restricts further blood flowà cramps
Pupils dilate: increase peripheral vision
Every BODY “knows” the primitive “rest and digest” slow, compensatory reaction
____ heart rate
____ respiratory rate
___ ___ ____(no sweat) flesh
Muscles ____
___ gut motility
PARASYMPATHETIC
