Cytogenetics Flashcards
THE HUMAN GENOME
•___ genes
___ chromosomes
___ pairs
•1-22 =
•23 =
•~20,000 genes
•
•46 chromosomes
•
•23 pairs
•1-22 = autosomes
•23 = sex chromosomes
•
CHROMOSOME MORPHOLOGY
- •Centromere
- •where ____ attaches to ___ ____during cell division
- •Telomere
- •caps the ends of chromosomes, consists of___ ____
- •Chromosome Arms
- •p (petit) = ___ arm, ___ centromere
- •q = ___ arm, ___ centromere
- Metacentric:
- Submetacentric:
- Acrocentric:
- Centromere
- where chromosome attaches to spindle apparatus during cell division
- Telomere
- caps the ends of chromosomes, consists of repetitive sequences
- Chromosome Arms
- p (petit) = short arm, above centromere
- q = long arm, below centromere
Metacentric: centromere is center (1,2)
Submetacentric: Slightly to one side with distinct p and q arm (5)
Acrocentric: p arm is very small and doesn’t have many genes (13 14 15 21 22)
CHROMOSOME MORPHOLOGY
•Acrocentric chromosomes
which ones? ___________
- Have___ and ___ composed of ___ ___
- Short arm/stalk/satellite region is common area of ____ ____
•Acrocentric chromosomes
•
•13, 14, 15, 21 & 22
•
•Have satellites and stalks composed of repetitive DNA
•
•Short arm/stalk/satellite region is common area of chromosome breakage
KARYOTYPING
1
2
3
4
5
•
•Culture cells
•
•Stop mitosis in metaphase
•
•Fix chromosomes
•
•Stain
•
•View under microscope
MEIOSIS
____ rounds of cell division
•
•Result is ____ cells
•
•
•
•2 rounds of cell division
•
•Result is haploid
cells
•
NONDISJUNCTION
___ of two __ ___or ___ ___ to ___ leading to ____
•Can occur in____ or ____
Results in ____ gametes and____gametes
•Failure of two homologous chromosomes or two sister chromatids to separate leading to imbalance
•Can occur in meiosis I or meiosis II
disomic gametes and nullsomic gametes
1 - POLYPLOIDY
___ ____ of chromosomes
•
_____: (3 copies of ___ ____)
Beyond triploidy,
•Multiple sets of chromosomes
•
•Triploidy (3 copies of each chromosome)
Beyond triploidy, even more incompatible with life, dont make it farenough for us to test for it
TRIPLOIDY
___ anomalies
•
•Severe___ ___ ___
•
•Typically ___ (____% of all miscarriages)
•
____ placenta (diandric) or ___ placenta (digynic)
Incompatible with life
Miscarry very early
•Multiple anomalies
•
•Severe intrauterine growth deficiency
•
•Typically miscarry (1-3% of all miscarriages)
•
•Large placenta (diandric) or small placenta (digynic)
Incompatible with life
Miscarry very early
2 - ANEUPLOIDY
•Deviation from an ___ ___ of the ____ number of chromosomes
•
_____ (__ copy of a chromosome)
•
_____ (__ copies of a chromosome)
•
_______ (__ copies of a chromosome)
•Deviation from an exact multiple of the haploid number of chromosomes
•
•Monosomies (1 copy of a chromosome)
•
•Trisomies (3 copies of a chromosome)
•
•Tetrasomies (4 copies of a chromosome)
TRISOMY 21
•Dysmorphic
•
•Intellectual disability
•
•Hypotonia
•
•Heart defects
•
•Duodenal atresia
•
•Short stature
TRISOMY 18
•Intrauterine growth deficiency
•
•Heart defect
•
•Kidney abnormalities
•
•Esophageal atresia
•
•Diaphragmatic hernia
•
•Omphalocele
•
•Profound intellectual disability
•
•Microcephaly:
•
TRISOMY 13
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME (XXY)
TURNER SYNDROME (MONOSOMY X; XO)
•Lymphedema, webbing
•
•Short stature
•
•Heart defect (coarctation of the aortaà narrowing)
•
•Premature ovarian failure/infertility
•
•Developmental delay, nonverbal learning disabilities, behavioral problems
PRENATAL SCREENING
1st trimester and 2nd trimester (___ screening) look at ___ and ___. An ___ ____can be associated with a___ ____ Not diagnositc
NIPT:___ ___ ___ ____: looks at ___ ___ ___ DNA produced by____ and then gets into ____ blood sstream. Still not looking at DNA directly from baby. Still not diagnostic
1st trimester and 2nd trimester (quad screening) look at hormones and proteins. An abnormal patter can be associated with a csome abnormality. Not diagnositc
NIPT: Non-invasive Prenatal Testing: looks at cell free fetal DNA produced by placental and then gets into maternal blood sstream. Still not looking at DNA directly from baby. Still not diagnostic
INVASIVE PRENATAL TESTING
_____
•CVS (chorionic villus sampling): _____
•Samples the___ Still not testing baby directly
•Transabdominal or transcervical
•Risk for maternal contamination and placental mosaicism: ~___
•Risk for miscarriage: ______
•
•Amniocentesis: ____
•Samples the ____ ___
•Transabdominal
•Risk for maternal contamination: ____
•Risk for miscarriage: ________
•___, ___, ____ ___., ____ ____, ___ ____
DIAGNOSTIC!!
•CVS (chorionic villus sampling): 10-14 weeks
•Samples the placenta. Still not testing baby directly
•Transabdominal or transcervical
•Risk for maternal contamination and placental mosaicism: ~1%
•Risk for miscarriage: 1/150 - 1/250
•
•Amniocentesis: 15 weeks +
•Samples the amniotic fluid
•Transabdominal
•Risk for maternal contamination: ~0.1%
•Risk for miscarriage: 1/400 - 1/500
•Karyotype, CMA, gene sequencing, mutation analysis, biochemical testing*
3 - MOSAICISM
- Presence of ___ than __ ___ __ in an ____
- Hard to predict ____ because l___ of ____ in ___ ___e cannot be determined
Mutation or nondisjcn orccured at some point. We can test levels of mosaicism in each tissue so we don’t know if cells with more normal are milder.
Can be___ in origin. All cells were normal, something happens to a few cells when fetus developing
Can be ____ in origin. Originally abnormal. Some cells tried to rescue themselves and kick out extra csome.
•Presence of more than one cell line in an individual
•
•Hard to predict prognosis because level of mosaicism in each tissue cannot be determined
Mutation or nondisjcn orccured at some point. We can test levels of mosaicism in each tissue so we don’t know if cells with more normal are milder.
Can be somatic in origin. All cells were normal, something happens to a few cells when fetus developing
Can be meiotic in origin. Originally abnormal. Some cells tried to rescue themselves and kick out extra csome.
4 – UNIPARENTAL DISOMY
•___ copies of a chromosome (or ___of a chromosome) inherited from the ___ parent
___ copies are inherited from the other parent
•important for ____ genes
•
•Types
•Heterodisomy: Nondisjcn in meiosis _(two copies are ____)
•Isodisomy: Nondisjcn in meiosis ___ (two copies are ____)
•
•Methods
•
•
•
•2 copies of a chromosome (or part of a chromosome) inherited from the same parent
•
•no copies are inherited from the other parent
•
•important for imprinted genes
•
•Types
•Heterodisomy: Nondisjcn in meiosis I (two copies are different)
•Isodisomy: Nondisjcn in meiosis II (two copies are identical)
•
•Methods
•Trisomy rescue
•Monosomy rescue
•+/- Unequal crossing over
PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME
•Hypotonia
•
•Mild intellectual disability
•
•Behavioral problems (temper tantrums, manipulative, OCD)
•
•Insatiable appetite àobesityàdiabetes
•
•Hypogonadism
•
•Almond-shaped eyes
•
•Maternal UPD 15 (paternal copy is missing)
Microdeletions/ duplications
___ or ____ of a ___ ___, not an entire chromosome
•Deletion or duplication of a chromosomal region, not an entire chromosome
WOLF-HIRSCHORN SYNDROME
•“Greek warrior helmet” appearanceà wide nasal bridge, widge eyes
•
•Intellectual disability
•
•Cleft lip and/or palate with dental abnormalities (missing or extra teeth within cleft)
•
•Seizures
•
•Microcephaly
•
•Hypotonia
22q11.2 DELETION SYNDROME
____
____
___ ____
aka DiGeorge, Shprintzen and velocardiofacial syndromes
FISH
•FISH = ___ ___ ___ ____
•Uses___ ___s that are ____ to a __ ___ ___
•
•Detects ___ ___ and ____
Used for
__________
Have to ________
•FISH = Fluorescence in situ hybridization
•
•Uses DNA probes that are specific to a targeted chromosomal region
•
•Detects targeted deletions and duplications
Used for things too small to see on karyotype
On its way out
Have to know exactly what you testing for
CHROMOSOMAL MICROARRAY
_____ of DNA probes across the genome, on each chromosome, are used to detect___ and ____
•Can detect ________ ____ and ____ than karyotyping and does ___ ___ a ___ , ___ region like FISH
Probes across all DNA on all csomes
not picking up enough signal: ____
too much signal_____
This is what we use now to test for ___ ____
- Thousands of DNA probes across the genome, on each chromosome, are used to detect deletions and duplications
- Can detect smaller del/dups than karyotyping and does not require a known, targeted region like FISH
Probes across all DNA on all csomes
not picking up enough signal: deletion
too much signal: duplication
This is what we use now to test for csomal abnormalities
TRANSLOCATIONS
____ of chromosomal material
•Balanced:
All genetic material is ___, just ____ onto diff csome
Robertsonian- occurs in the ___ ____chromosomes (__ __ __ __ __)
Unbalanced
____ and/or ____ of chromosomal material in ____ form
•Rearrangement of chromosomal material
•Balanced:
All genetic material is present, just rearranged onto diff csome
Robertsonian- occurs in the 5 acrocentric chromosomes (13, 14, 15, 21, 22)
Unbalanced
Loss and/or gain of chromosomal material in rearranged form
BALANCED TRANSLOCATION
•Typically _______________on health unless an important gene is interrupted at the_____
Problem is when___ have ___–> ____
•Typically does not have impact on health unless an important gene is interrupted at the breakpoint
Problem is when they have kids–> unbalanced
UNBALANCED TRANSLOCATION
____ ___ of some chromosomal information and ___ ___of other (___ ___ and ___ ___)
Any time you see extra and missing in a karyotype: ask if _________________
•
•Too much of some chromosomal information and too little of other (partial trisomy and partial monosomy)
Any time you see extra and missing in a karyotype: ask if parent has balanced translocation
ROBERTSONIAN TRANSLOCATION
___ ____ csomes ___ to form ___ csome
•2 acrocentric chromosomes (13, 14, 15, 21, 22) fuse to form 1 chromosome
REPRODUCTIVE RISKS
Balanced translocation carrier can pass on____ ____ (______), ___ ___ of translocation (kid ___ ___) or ___ copy of translocation (___ ___).
***** If a parent has a ___ ____ between the __ ____(i.e. 21;21) ____of the offspring will have a ___ _____*****
Balanced translocation carrier can pass on normal copies (kid normal), both copies of translocation (kid translocation carrier) or one copy of translocation (kid unbalanced).
***** If a parent has a Robertsonian translocation between the same chromosomes (i.e. 21;21) 100% of the offspring will have a chromosomal abnormality*****
INVERSIONS
•
•Paracentric = no centromere involvement
•
•Pericentric = centromere involvement
REPRODUCTIVE RISKS
SUMMARY
•
•Abnormalities of chromosome number and structure can cause genetic syndromes
•
•Some chromosome abnormalities can be inherited (i.e. inversions and translocations) while others occur sporadically during cell division (i.e. trisomy and mosaicism)
•
•Genetic testing to identify these chromosomal abnormalities includes karyotyping, FISH and chromosomal microarray analysis
