Mineralization Mechanisms 1 Flashcards
Geology:
_____ deposition of economically important metals in the formation of ___ bodies or “___”
Usually made by hydrothermal.
Need incredibly ___ conditions. High heat and high P. This doesn’t work in the body.
Geology: Hydrothermal deposition of economically important metals in the formation of ore bodies or “lodes” Usually made by hydrothermal. Need incredibly harsh conditions. High heat and high P. This doesn’t work in the body.
Diamond formation is an example of _____ ___ ____
- Comprised entirely of ____molecules
- No external molecule is required to ____ the formation
- __ ___ and ___ ____
Diamond formation is an example of nonbiologically induced mineralization • Comprised entirely of inorganic molecules • No external molecule is required to initiate the formation • High Pressures and High Temperatures
- ____-only substance
- Requires intense ___ and ____ to form
- No ____ molecules associated with the process
• Carbon-only substance • Requires intense heat and pressure to form • No organic molecules associated with the process
Biomineralization
“The “bio” implies that the high __ ___ (extreme temperature, pressure, and concentrations) required to ____ the mineral by strict ____ means, is bypassed by the intervention of ____ that alter the ____ reaction pathways.”
Instead of high Temperatures and Pressures, we have ____ serving to lower the activation E
Biomineralization “The “bio” implies that the high activation energy (extreme temperature, pressure, and concentrations) required to producethe mineral by strict inorganic means, is bypassed by the intervention of biopolymers that alter the crystallization reaction pathways.” Instead of high Temperatures and Pressures, we have biomolecules serving to lower the activation E
Biologically Induced
- Coccospheres are capable of precise ____ of____ and ____ of their own biomineralization
- Coccosphere ____ act to ___ mineralization, which lead to accumulations of ___ ____materials of ___ ___.
Biologically Induced • Coccospheres are capable of precise control of nucleation and growth of their own biomineralization • Coccosphere polysaccharides act to direct mineralization, which lead to accumulations of amorphous calcified materials of calcium carbonate.
Coccospheres are tiny ____s with ____ mineral____ around them
Here we will control when it ___s and ___ ___ it grows.
Coccosphere has a _____.
These polysaccharides act to direct mineralization
It will make a mineralized tissue, but that material is very ____, it is not ____ or patterned.
Its making its shell. If you put a lot of these guys together you end up with the ___ ___ of ___.
Looks white chalky. __ _ ___ of organic material
Coccospheres are tiny organisms with Ca mineral shells around them Here we will control when it starts and how much it grows. Coccosphere has a polysaccharide. These polysaccharides act to direct mineralization It will make a mineralized tissue, but that material is very amorphous, it is not regular or patterned. Its making its shell. If you put a lot of these guys together you end up with the white cliffs of clover. Looks white chalky. Not a lot of organic material
Oceanic Seamounts:
- Coccolithophores are also responsible, in part, for the continued growth of ___ ___ rising from the ocean floor.
- They are formed by 2 mechanisms
o 1)___ ____ of mineral deposits
o 2)Action of ____
- In area with ___ O2, they make their mineral using their ____ to initiate that
- Then they themselves, because they are a mineral (have mineral coating around them), will act as a ____ for more mineral to deposit here • This is still ____
Oceanic Seamounts: • Coccolithophores are also responsible, in part, for the continued growth of submarine mountains rising from the ocean floor. • They are formed by 2 mechanisms o 1) Natural Accumulation of mineral deposits o 2)Action of Coccolithophores • In area with low O2, they make their mineral using their polysaccharide to initiate that • Then they themselves, because they are a mineral (have mineral coating around them), will act as an nucleator for more mineral to deposit here • This is still amorphous
Organic Matrix-mediated (biologically controlled)→ What we see in human body
- ____ is composed of ___ ___ (____) layers with ___ ____ (___ ,___, ___) in between
- The organic molecules will ___/___ the ___ and ___ of the crystalline structures
- The combination of the ___ ___ crystal lattice and the __ __ provides the___, ___, and __ of the pearl
Organic Matrix-mediated (biologically controlled)→ What we see in human body • Nacre is composed of calcium carbonate (aragonite) layers with organic macromolecules (proteins, lipids, proteolipids) in between • The organic molecules will direct/limit the size and shape of the crystalline structures • The combination of the highly ordered crystal lattice and the organic filler provides the luster, iridescence, and strength of the pearl
- Biological control allows ___ in the tissues
- We have added organic molecules into the mix
- To culture a pearl, you stick the seed in there, you put grain of ___, so oyster will lay something down around that
- Grain of sand: ____. Causes mineralization right around it
o Could also be something that occurs naturally
- Value of pearl based on color, iridescence, shape→ requires ____of how its made
- Iridescence of pearl made bc you have ___ ___ that are incorporated with it
- This is extremely ____!
• Biological control allows order in the tissues • We have added organic molecules into the mix • To culture a pearl, you stick the seed in there, you put grain of sand, so oyster will lay something down around that • Grain of sand: Nucleator. Causes mineralization right around it o Could also be something that occurs naturally • Value of pearl based on color, iridescence, shape→ requires regulation of how its made • Iridescence of pearl made bc you have organic molecules that are incorporated with it • This is extremely orderly!
Summary
- Mineralized substances = ___ ___ ___
- Biologically-induced = ___ ___e act as a __ to aid in s____ ____
- Biologically-controlled = __ ___s will act as ___ (___) and___/___ mineral growth
o Nucleator and control
Summary • Mineralized substances = no added molecules • Biologically-induced = added molecule act as a seed to aid in spontaneous mineralization • Biologically-controlled = added molecules will act as seeds (nucleators) and direct/limit mineral growth o Nucleator and control
- Mineralization: _____
- Biomineralization
- Biologically ____: Coccospheres and Seamounts → _____
- Biologically ____: Pearls→ ____
-Mineralization: Hydrothermal vents -Biomineralization • Biologically Induced: Coccospheres and Seamounts → not organized • Biologically controlled: Pearls→ organized
Things to Expect
- Mineralized tissues for bone and teeth are comprised of ___ AND_____ molecules
- Some of the organic molecules found in the tissues will have served to ___ and/or ____ the process of growth and mineralization
- The combination of inorganic and organic molecules give each tissue its ____ biological properties
Things to Expect • Mineralized tissues for bone and teeth are comprised of inorganic AND organic molecules • Some of the organic molecules found in the tissues will have served to initiate and/or regulate the process of growth and mineralization • The combination of inorganic and organic molecules give each tissue its unique biological properties
Compositions
Enamel: (____ substance)
____% Inorganic, __% Organic, ___% Water
Very strong.
Bone, Dentin & Cementum:
___% Inorganic, ___% Organic (Proteins), ___% Water
Developing Enamel: (____ substance)
___% Inorganic, ca. ___% Protein, ___% Water
Increase ____–> Stronger
Compositions
Enamel: (hardest substance)
96-97% Inorganic, <1% Organic, 2-3% Water
Very strong.
Bone, Dentin & Cementum:
70% Inorganic, 18% Organic (Proteins), 12% Water
Developing Enamel: (softest substance)
50-60% Inorganic, ca. 30% Protein, 10-20% Water
Increase inorganicà Stronger
Inorganic Substance
• _____
• Unit structure = ____
- Central ___ ion
- ___ ions surrounding OH o Like 2 triangles around OH
- Outside of that are the ____
- To create this we wil need source of ____ and_____
Size of the crystal lattice
- Tissue apatite crystals are _____ = ___ in size
- Apatite Crystalites in enamel are much ____ than in bone,dentin, and cementum;
- Enamel: 25nm x 50nm x300nm o Larger, hence its strength • Dentin: 5 nmx 20nm x20nm • (Refers to a x b x c Axes).
Inorganic Substance • Hydroxyapatite • Unit structure = Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 • Central OH ion • Ca ions surrounding OH o Like 2 triangles around OH • Outside of that are the PO4 • To create this we wil need source of Ca and PO4 Size of the crystal lattice • Tissue apatite crystals are microcrystalline = 1μm in size • Apatite Crystalites in enamel are much larger than in bone,dentin, and cementum; • Enamel: 25nm x 50nm x300nm o Larger, hence its strength • Dentin: 5 nmx 20nm x20nm • (Refers to a x b x c Axes).
Enamel is not actually ___
It is actually almost ___ and quite translucent.
That has to do with what its made out of and the ____of crystals itself. → it’s extremely orderly
If crystals were not orderly, and crystals were ___ ___ other randomly, it wouldn’t be so clear bc each time it crossed, you would have ____of light as it ____ thru.
We are actually looking at color of ___ showing thru the enamel.
This makes it hard to do crowns because have to make it look like color is coming from within
Enamel is not actually white. It is actually almost clear and quite translucent. That has to do with what its made out of and the orderliness of crystals itself. → it’s extremely orderly If crystals were not orderly, and crystals were crossing each other randomly, it wouldn’t be so clear bc each time it crossed, you would have blocking of light as it refracts thru. We are actually looking at color of dentin showing thru the enamel. This makes it hard to do crowns because have to make it look like color is coming from within
