Building Blocks Flashcards
Nomenclature of Carbs
- Carbon atoms are ____ starting with the carbon____
- Carbon atoms are given ____, starting with the carbon _____
Order of oxidation
Identification of carbon atoms in a compound: Look at pic
- Carbon atoms are numbered, starting with the carbon atom with the most oxidized group.
- Carbon atoms are given Greek letters, starting with the carbon atom next to carbon atom with most oxidized group.
Order of oxidation
COOH
CO
OH
CH
Monosaccharides
- Simplest carbohydrates are known as
- Empirical formula for monosaccharaides is
- Monosaccharides with 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7 carbon atoms are known as
- Simple sugars can either be ____ or ____
- Simplest carbohydrates are known as monosaccharides.
- Empirical formula for monosaccharaides is (CH2O)n.
- Monosaccharides with 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7 carbon atoms are known as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses and heptoses.
- Simple sugars can either be ketoses (ketone group) or aldoses (aldehyde group).
Properties of Simple Sugars
•Isomer –
a chiral center (asymmetric center)
- Can exist as ___ or ___ which are _____. Non
- Sugars in human tissues are in the ___
•Isomer – compounds composed of the same elements, in the same number, but organized differently through bonding or 3-D spatial arrangement.
•A carbon atom having four different functional groups attached to it is known as a chiral center (asymmetric center).
•Can exist as two forms D and L enantiomers (stereoisomers). Non superimposable mirror images.
•Sugars in human tissues are in the D form.
•
Epimer
Epimers – stereoisomers that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at only one of the asymmetric carbons.
Monosach
- Monosaccharides form ____
- Six member ring structures of ____ are known as ____, while 5 member ring structures of ____ and ___ are known as _____
- Carbon 1 is known as the _____ C
- When the hydroxyl group bound to the anomeric carbon is below the plane it is in the ___ form, if it is above the plane it is in the ___ form.
- The two forms exist in ____. Process known as_____.
- Monosaccharides form ring structures.
- Six member ring structures of hexoses are known as pyranoses, while 5 member ring structures of pentoses and fructose are known as furanoses.
- Carbon 1 is known as the anomeric carbon.
- When the hydroxyl group bound to the anomeric carbon is below the plane it is in the a form, if it is above the plane it is in the b form.
- The two forms exist in equilibrium. Process known as mutarotation.
Disaccharides
- The ____ group of the ____ carbon can react with ___ or __ group to form a ____ linkage. (__ or __ ____).
- Disaccharides contain ____ ____ joined together by a _______ ____
- This could be a ___ ____ ___ linkage. ___ or ___.
- The hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon can react with OH or NH group to form a glycosidic linkage. (O or N linked).
- Disaccharides contain two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic link.
- This could be a 1-6, 1-2 or a 1-4 linkage. a or b.
Common Disaccharides
____ (common sugar)
consists of ___ and ___ joined by a ____ linkage ( _____________)
____ (in milk)
___ + ____ joined by a ___ linkage
____ (hydrolyzed product of startch)
___ +____ joined by a ____ linkage
•Sucrose (common sugar) consists of a glucose and fructose molecule joined by a 1a – 2b glycosidic linkage (two anomeric C are facing each other)
.•Lactose (in milk) – a galactose and glucose molecule joined by a b 1-4 glycosidic linkage.
•Maltose (hydrolyzed product of starch) – two glucose molecules are joined together by an a 1-4 glycosidic linkage.
Oligosaccharides/Polysaccharides
- ___ or more monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds to form ____ (_ – _ units) and ______.
- Polysaccharides are ___ or ___ structures
- Examples –(____, ____ ,____)
•3 or more monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds to form oligo (3 – 12 units) and polysaccharides.
•
•Polysaccharides are linear or branched structures.
•
•Examples –(Starch, glycogen, cellulose)
Anything greater than 12 is polysach
Common Modifications of Carbohydrates
____
____
___
Methylation
Amination
Phosphorylation
Glycoproteins
- Sugar attached to the___ ____ of ____ or the ___ ____ of ___ or ____ residues of proteins.
- Found in _____ ___
- Functions in ___ ____.
- Sugar attached to the amide nitrogen of Asparagine or the oxygen atom of serine or threonine residues of proteins.
- Found in cell membranes.
- Functions in cell adhesion.
Complex Glycoproteins are called Proteoglycans
- Repeating units of ______ (_______)
- Then Attached to ____ –>known as proteoglycans
- Proteoglycans are important components of ____
- Repeating units of glycosaminoglycans (disaccharides containing a derivative of an amino sugar)
- Attached to protein – known as proteoglycans
- Proteoglycans are important components of cartilage
Structure of Nucleic Acids
- _____ are the monomeric units of nucleic acids.
- A nucleotide consists of a ____, _____(together known as a nucleoside) and ____.
- Two types of nucleic acids –____ and ____
•Nucleotides are the monomeric units of nucleic acids.
•A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar (together known as a nucleoside) and phosphate.
•Two types of nucleic acids – DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) and RNA (ribose nucleic acid)
•
Structure of a Deoxyribonucleotide
•DNA consists of purine bases ___and pyrimidine bases ____
____ sugar is deoxyribose. Carbon atoms are numbered ____when a base is attached.
Carbon atom linked to the nitrogenous base is labeled ____.
Purine:
Pyrimidines:
Deoxyribose has ___ on C
- DNA consists of purine bases Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) and pyrimidine bases Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T).
- Pentose sugar is deoxyribose. Carbon atoms are numbered 1’-5’ when a base is attached. Carbon atom linked to the nitrogenous base is labeled 1’.
Purine: bycyclic
Pyrimidines: single ring
C 2 has H instead of OH
Deoxyribonuleic Acid (Watson and Crick Model)
- DNA and RNA are ____ consisting of linear sequences of nucleotides joined by ___-___ _____bonds between the sugars.
- DNA strand has ____ (5’ and 3’ end)
- Consist of____ polynucleotide strands held together by ____ between the _____ of each strand.
- The two polynucleotide strands run ____ to one another.
- The overall structure of DNA is ____ hand double helix.
- Complementary base pairing occurs. A pairs with T and C pairs with G.
- Structure is further stabilized by ___ ____. (___ ____)
- DNA and RNA are polynucleotides consisting of linear sequences of nucleotides joined by 3’ – 5’ phosphodiester bonds between the sugars.
- DNA strand has polarity (5’ and 3’ end)
- Consist of two polynucleotide strands held together by H-bonds between the bases of each strand.
- The two polynucleotide strands run antiparallel to one another.
- The overall structure of DNA is right hand double helix.
- Complementary base pairing occurs. A pairs with T and C pairs with G.
- Structure is further stabilized by base stacking. (hydrophobic interactions)
Different Forms of DNA
Z: ____ hand helix.
Distance between bases is ___.
Number of bases per turn is___ .
Formed____.
Formation linked to ____
B: ____ structure
Predominantly found ___.
___ hand helix.
Distance between bases is ____.
Number of bases per turn is___
A:
____ hand helix.
Similar to the ____ form, but is more ___.
Distance between bases is ____.
Number of bases per turn is___.
Predominates in _____
Z: Left hand helix. Distance between bases is 3.8 A. Number of bases per turn is 12. Formed transiently in cells. Formation linked to transcription initiation.
B: Watson and Crick Structure. Predominantly found in vivo. Right hand helix. Distance between bases is 3.4 A. Number of bases per turn is 10.4
A:Right hand helix. Similar to the B form, but is more compact. Distance between bases is 2.3 A. Number of bases per turn is 11. Predominates in DNA-RNA hybrids.
