Metabolism 1 Flashcards
Metabolism is
A highly integrated network of chemical reactions from which___ and ____ ____ are derived.
___ and____ pathways.
Essentially the same in ___ ___ and ____
Metabolism is
A highly integrated network of chemical reactions from which energy and biological precursors are derived.
Coupled and interconnected pathways.
Essentially the same in bacteria, plants, and animals.
Catabolism is the ____ pathways to salvage ___ and ___ from ____ such as nucleotides, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides. The process ____ energy. (___gonic reaction)
Anabolism is the____ of _____ such as nucleotides, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides from ___ ____ molecules. This process ____energy. (___gonic reaction)
Catabolism is the degradation pathways to salvage components and energy from biomolecules such as nucleotides, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides. The process generates energy. (Exergonic reaction)
Anabolism is the biosynthesis of biomolecules such as nucleotides, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides from simple precursor molecules. This process requires energy. (Endergonic reaction)
Four Principles of Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic pathways are_____
Every metabolic pathway has a ___ ____
Other reactions are ___ ____
All metabolic pathways are ____
Metabolic pathways in eukaryotes occur in specific ___ ____
Four Principles of Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic pathways are irreversible.
Every metabolic pathway has a committed step.
Other reactions are near equilibrium
All metabolic pathways are regulated.
Metabolic pathways in eukaryotes occur in specific cellular locations.
Bioenergetic Concepts
Standard biological free energy change DG°’
Free energy change under a ____ set of conditions
pH = ___ for biological reactions
Directly related to _____of ___ and ____
Bioenergetic Concepts
Standard biological free energy change DG°’
Free energy change under a standard set of conditions
pH = 7.0 for biological reactions
Directly related to concentration of reactants & products
Adenosine Triphosphate—ATP
___ high energy bonds (______ bonds)
Currency of free energy for the cell
DG° = ____ kcal/mol Hydolyze ATP and you release 7.3 kcal/mol
Adenosine Triphosphate—ATP
2 high energy bonds (phosphoanhydride bonds)
Currency of free energy for the cell
DG° = -7.3 kcal/mol Hydolyze ATP and you release 7.3 kcal/mol
“High energy bonds” is a misleading term
DGo for phosphoryl transfer potential for ATP:
Difference in free energies between the reactants and products due to
- ___ ___
- Electron Cloud can move around
- In _____ (part of ATP) you have less resonance structures
- Single phosphate group (______) has more resonance structuresà more stable
- ___ ___
- Phosphate groups have high amount of – charges
- These – charges will_____ each other so molecule is ___
- Prefers to be in less negative state than a more negative state. It likes to be cleaved. In that process, E is expelled
- ____ due to ____
- Phosphate groups are highly ___ compared to ____ form
- These 3 factors contribute to the -7.3 kcal/mol
“High energy bonds” is a misleading term
DGo for phosphoryl transfer potential for ATP:
Difference in free energies between the reactants and products due to
Resonance stabilization
Electron Cloud can move around
In pyrophosphate (part of ATP) you have less resonance structures
Single phosphate group (orthophosphate) has more resonance structuresà more stable
Electrostatic repulsion
Phosphate groups have high amount of – charges
These – charges will repel each other so molecule is unstable
Prefers to be in less negative state than a more negative state. It likes to be cleaved. In that process, E is expelled
Stabilization due to solvation
Phosphate groups are highly soluble compared to pyrophosphate form
These 3 factors contribute to the -7.3 kcal/mol
Central role of ATP
Hydrolysis of ATP produces ___ ____ that is ____ to a molecule involved in an ____ process (It is activated)
Phosphorylation is the process of ATP _____ _____to a molecule
Results in a ____ ____that can complete the intended reaction
Phosphate is ____ when second substrate binds
Central role of ATP
Hydrolysis of ATP produces inorganic phosphate that is attached to a molecule involved in an endergonic process (It is activated)
Phosphorylation is the process of ATP transferring phosphate to a molecule
Results in a phosphorylated intermediate that can complete the intended reaction
Phosphate is released when second substrate binds
Energy Charge
Measure of relative amounts of ___ ___ ____ in cell
Much of metabolism controlled by energy charge
If all ATP: energy charge = __
If all AMP: energy charge = __
Most cells: energy charge = __-__
Catabolic reactions are favored when the energy charge is __, while anabolic reactions are favored when the energy charge is ___
Energy Charge
Measure of relative amounts of ATP, ADP, AMP in cell
Much of metabolism controlled by energy charge
If all ATP: energy charge = 1.0
If all AMP: energy charge = 0
Most cells: energy charge = 0.8-0.95
Catabolic reactions are favored when the energy charge is low, while anabolic reactions are favored when the energy charge is high
Summary
Metabolism is an ___ and ____ network of reactions from which energy and biological precursors are derived.
Near equilibrium reactions are freely ___, where as reactions that function far from equilibrium server as ___ points and make metabolic pathways ___
Exergonic reactions are coupled to endergonic reactions to make them more favorable.
The ___ ___ of a cell determines the fate of catabolic and anabolic reactions.
Summary
Metabolism is an integrated and interconnected network of reactions from which energy and biological precursors are derived.
Near equilibrium reactions are freely reversible, where as reactions that function far from equilibrium server as regulatory points and make metabolic pathways irreversible.
Exergonic reactions are coupled to endergonic reactions to make them more favorable.
The energy charge of a cell determines the fate of catabolic and anabolic reactions.
Pathways directly involved in ATP synthesis
_______
______
_______
Pathways directly involved in ATP synthesis
Oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
The Mitochondrion
Site of ___ ____
____ membrane
Most of chemistry takes place in ___ ___
Folded into___
Contains proteins of___
All dependent on ___ ___ ___
High [H+] in ____
Low [H+] in ___
The Mitochondrion
Site of oxidative phosphorylation
Double membrane
Most of chemistry takes place in inner membrane
Folded into cristae
Contains proteins of ETC
All dependent on proton motive force
High [H+] in intermembrane space
Low [H+] in matrix
Components of the respiratory chain
- 4 Enzyme complexes (____ in the membrane–>____ protein))
- I: ____-_ ______ (I) (____ _____ complex)
- II: ____-_ _____ (II) (____ _____)
- III: ___ ____ (III) (____ _-_complex)
- IV: ____ ______ (IV)
- Only complexes _ _ _ pump protons
- 2 ___ carriers
- _ (__________)
- ____ _
Components of the respiratory chain
4 Enzyme complexes (Fixed in the membraneàtransmembrane protein))
NADH-Q Reductase (I) (NADH dehydrogenase complex)
Succinate-Q Reductase (II) (Succinate dehydrogenase)
Cytochrome Reductase (III) (Cytochrome b-c complex)
Cytochrome Oxidase (IV)
Only complexes I, III, IV pump protons
2 Mobile carriers
Q (Ubiquinone)
Cytochrome c
Electron carriers involved in oxidative phosphorylation
_____________
______________
*Connect other metabolic pathways to oxidative phosphorylation
Electron carriers involved in oxidative phosphorylation
NAD++ 2H++2e-→ NADH+H+
FAD+ 2H++2e-→ FADH2
*Connect other metabolic pathways to oxidative phosphorylation
Sources of Reduced Coenzymes
Breakdown of ___ ___ and ___
____
Sources of Reduced Coenzymes
Breakdown of
Carbs
Fats
Proteins
CAC
Oxidative Phosphorylation
___ ___ and ___ ____ are separate processes that are ____
Two parts to oxidative phosphorylation
Tramsfer of electrons
Synthesis of ATP
à If one shuts down, so will the other. They __ __ __ coupled
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron transport and ATP synthesis are separate processes that are coupled.
Two parts to oxidative phosphorylation
Tramsfer of electrons
Synthesis of ATP
à If one shuts down, so will the other. They have to be coupled