Muscular System

Question 1

• Function:

o ___

o ___% of the body is muscle mass

o Most skeletal muscles move the ____

o Skeletal muscle that does not move bones?? • ___ ___ just move the ___

Answer 1

• Function: o Movement! o 48% of the body is muscle mass o Most skeletal muscles move the skeleton o Skeletal muscle that does not move bones?? • Facial Muscles just move the skin

Question 2

• 2 categories of Muscle:

o Striated

• Skeletal Muscle
• Controlled _____
• Controlled by ___ ___
• Some are “____”

o Like patellar bone and patellar tendon

• How many muscles are in human body?

o About 640

• Cardiac Muscle

o Non-striated

• Smooth muscle

Answer 2

• 2 categories of Muscle: o Striated • Skeletal Muscle • Controlled voluntarily • Controlled by Spinal nerves • Some are “reflex” o Like patellar bone and patellar tendon • How many muscles are in human body? o About 640 • Cardiac Muscle o Non-striated • Smooth muscle

Question 3

• Basic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

o Muscle in most cases is attached to ____

o Tendon attaches ___ to ____

• Dense Regular Tough Conn Tiss

o Conn Tiss:

• Tendon
• ______: Surrounds each muscle
• _____: Surrounds each bundle of fibers
• _____: Surrounds each muscle fiber or cell

Answer 3

• Basic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle o Muscle in most cases is attached to bone o Tendon attaches muscle to bone • Dense Regular Tough Conn Tiss o Conn Tiss: • Tendon • Epimysium: Surrounds each muscle • Perimysium: Surrounds each bundle of fibers • Endomysium: Surrounds each muscle fiber or cell

Question 4

• Attachments:

o Tendon: attach muscle to bone

o Ligament: ___ to ___

o Both are__ ____ CT

• Very strong, non elastic • AVascular so harder to heal than bone

Answer 4

• Attachments: o Tendon: attach muscle to bone o Ligament: bone to bone o Both are Dense Regular CT • Very strong, non elastic • Vascular so harder to heal than bone

Question 5

o Tendon: attach muscle to bone

• Some short •

Some extremely long like the flexors or extensors in fingers and toes

• Fibrous connective tissue
• May also attach muscles to ____ such as the ____
• A tendon serves to ____ the bone or structure.
• Achilles tendon (_____) • One of the___ and____ tendons of the body • The most common ways to tear your Achilles tendon are to land from a jump or change directions quickly, as Kobe Bryant did • Connects muscle of posterior leg to the foot bone (calcaneous)

Answer 5

o Tendon: attach muscle to bone • Some short • Some extremely long like the flexors or extensors in fingers and toes • Fibrous connective tissue • May also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball • A tendon serves to move the bone or structure.

• Achilles tendon (tendocalcaneous) • One of the strongest and largest tendons of the body • The most common ways to tear your Achilles tendon are to land from a jump or change directions quickly, as Kobe Bryant did • Connects muscle of posterior leg to the foot bone (calcaneous)

Question 6

• Aponeurosis
• Another type of tendon • ___ ____ tendon
• ____of___, ____
• One connecting two muscles in the ____ (frontallis and occipitallis)

____ , where all the abdominal muscles are coming together

Answer 6

• Aponeurosis • Another type of tendon • Broad, flat tendon • Palm of hand, foot • One connecting two muscles in the scalp (frontallis and occipitallis • Abdomen, where all the abdominal muscles are coming together

Question 7

o Ligament: ___ to___

• Fibrous connective tissue • Usually serves to __ __ ___and keep them ____

Answer 7

o Ligament: bone to bone • Fibrous connective tissue • Usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable.

Question 8

• Architecture of a muscle:

o The ___ ______ ___ ___ determines their shape

o Most fibers run ____ to long axis o Some run ___ o Some ___

o The physical arrangement of muscle fibers at the macroscopic level that determines a muscle’s ___ ___

Answer 8

• Architecture of a muscle: o The direction the muscle fibers run determines their shape o Most fibers run parallel to long axis o Some run obliquely o Some converge o The physical arrangement of muscle fibers at the macroscopic level that determines a muscle’s mechanical function

Question 9

o Shapes: Self explanatory…tell you how the fibers run

____
____
____
____
____
____
____

Answer 9

o Shapes: Self explanatory…tell you how the fibers run • Parallel –example • Fusiform- example • Unipennate- example • Bipennate- example • Multipennate – example • Convergent- example • Circular- example

Question 10

• Parallel –example

___ ___

_____

Answer 10

• Parallel –example • Rectus abdominus • Infrahyoid o Below the hyoid bone •

Question 11

Fusiform- example

• ___ ____ o Anterior Arm
• ___ ___ o Posterior Thigh

Answer 11

Fusiform- example • Biceps brachii o Anterior Arm • Biceps femoris o Posterior Thigh

Question 12

• Unipennate- example • Looks like ___ a ___
• ____ in hand & foot

o Flex metacarpalphalangeal joint and extend intraphalangeal joint

• Pennate =___ or winged •

Answer 12

• Unipennate- example • Looks like half a feather • Lumbricals in hand & foot o Flex metacarpalphalangeal joint and extend intraphalangeal joint • Pennate = feathered or winged •

Question 13

• Bipennate- example • Looks like a __ ___
• ___ ____ o In anterior thigh
• _____ in hand and foot o Bw bones o Little muscles that move fingers
• Bipennate has ___ ___

Answer 13

• Bipennate- example • Looks like a whole feather • Rectus femoris o In anterior thigh • Interosseus in hand and foot o Bw bones o Little muscles that move fingers • Bipennate has central tendon •

Question 14

Multipennate – example

• ___ o Like should pads
• Central tendon ____
• Convergent- example •

_____ ____

o Converges to one point on the ____

o It will work the___ ___

Answer 14

Multipennate – example • Deltoid o Like should pads • Central tendon branches • Convergent- example • Pectoralis Major o Converges to one point on the humerus o It will work the upper limb

Question 15

Circular- example

• ____ ___s • ___ ____
• ____ like • In the face

Answer 15

Circular- example • Orbicularis oris • Orbicularis oculi • Sphincter like • In the face

Question 16

• Naming Muscles

___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Answer 16

• Naming Muscles Location Size Direction of Fibers Number of Attachments Origin/Insertion Action Shape

Question 17

o Location

• Tibialis anterior • On ___ ___ of the ____ • There is also a posterior one • If you have anterior there will be posterior • If you have a superior, you will have an inferior

Answer 17

o Location • Tibialis anterior • On anterior portion of the tibia • There is also a posterior one • If you have anterior there will be posterior • If you have a superior, you will have an inferior

Question 18

o Size • Gluteus maximus-____ musclee of the body • Gluteus minimus • Do you sit on your gluteus maximus? • Nope, you sit on your___ ____ • Strongest muscle by weight? • ____ • Force of 50 lbs-incisors • 200 lbs molars

Answer 18

o Size • Gluteus maximus-strongest muscle of the body • Gluteus minimus • Do you sit on your gluteus maximus? • Nope, you sit on your ischial tuberosities • Strongest muscle by weight? • Macider • Force of 50 lbs-incisors • 200 lbs molars

Question 19

o Location/ Direction of fibers • Transversus abdominus • In ____ and muscle fibers run in ____ direction • Rectus abdominus • Rectus means ____ and its on the ____

Answer 19

o Location/ Direction of fibers • Transversus abdominus • In abdomen and muscle fibers run in transverse direction • Rectus abdominus • Rectus means straight and its on the abdomen

Question 20

o Direction of Fibers: • Rectus abdominus • Transversus abdominus • Rectus femoris • Rectus means ____t • Its on the femur

Answer 20

o Direction of Fibers: • Rectus abdominus • Transversus abdominus • Rectus femoris • Rectus means straight • Its on the femur

Question 21

o Number of Attachments: • Biceps brachii • 2 muscles bellies • arm • Triceps brachii • 3 muscle bellies • arm • Quadriceps femoris • Anterior thigh

Answer 21

o Number of Attachments: • Biceps brachii • 2 muscles bellies • arm • Triceps brachii • 3 muscle bellies • arm • Quadriceps femoris • Anterior thigh

Question 22

o Origin/insertion • Sternohyoid • Goes from sternum to hyoid • Sternocleidomastoid • In side of neck • 2 origins: sternum and clavicle • Insertion: Mastoid process • Every muscle has an origin and an insertion • Place where tendon starts and an insertion (pt where it moves)

Answer 22

o Origin/insertion • Sternohyoid • Goes from sternum to hyoid • Sternocleidomastoid • In side of neck • 2 origins: sternum and clavicle • Insertion: Mastoid process • Every muscle has an origin and an insertion • Place where tendon starts and an insertion (pt where it moves)

Question 23

o Action •

Types of Movement/Action: Muscles produce these actions • Flexion-extension • Abduction-adduction • Medial-lateral rotation • Circumduction • Pronation-supination • Plantarflextion-dorsiflexion • Examples: • Levator scapulae o Elevates the scapula • Adductor magnus o Big muscle that adducts the thigh • Opponens pollicis o Opposes the thumb • Thumb is called the pollicis o Flexor pollicis brevis: • Short (brevis) muscle that flexes the thumb • We also have a longus • Digiti minimi: pinky

Answer 23

o Action • Types of Movement/Action: Muscles procuce these actions • Flexion-extension • Abduction-adduction • Medial-lateral rotation • Circumduction • Pronation-supination • Plantarflextion-dorsiflexion • Examples: • Levator scapulae o Elevates the scapula • Adductor magnus o Big muscle that adducts the thigh • Opponens pollicis o Opposes the thumb • Thumb is called the pollicis o Flexor pollicis brevis: • Short (brevis) muscle that flexes the thumb • We also have a longus • Digiti minimi: pinky

Question 24

o Combination of the above • Fibularis longus • Size and location • Flexor digiti minimi brevis • size, location, action • Lateral and medial pterygoid • Location, attachment • Come from pterygoid plates

Answer 24

o Combination of the above • Fibularis longus • Size and location • Flexor digiti minimi brevis • size, location, action • Lateral and medial pterygoid • Location, attachment • Come from pterygoid plates

Question 25

• Attachments:

o Muscles produce movement by exerting ___ on ___ which in turn pull on ____ (and other supporting structures like the skin).

o In order to produce movement around a joint, one bone must be ____ while another bone ____

. o Origin • The attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the____, usually ___ bone, is called the origin.

o Insertion • The insertion of a muscle is the structure that it attaches to and tends to be ____by the_____ of the muscle (639 skeletal mm)

• There are approximately 639 skeletal muscles in the human body. The exact number is difficult to define because different sources group muscles differently

Answer 25

• Attachments: o Muscles produce movement by exerting force on tendons which in turn pull on bones (and other supporting structures like the skin). o In order to produce movement around a joint, one bone must be stationary while another bone moves. o Origin • The attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the stationary, usually proximal bone, is called the origin. o Insertion • The insertion of a muscle is the structure that it attaches to and tends to be moved by the contraction of the muscle (639 skeletal mm) • There are approximately 639 skeletal muscles in the human body. The exact number is difficult to define because different sources group muscles differently

Question 26

• Agonist o Agonist muscles cause a ____to occur through their own contraction. o Main mover o Ex) Brachii
• Antagonist o Antagonist muscles ____ a specific movement. o Has the opposite action
• Synergist o Synergist muscles performs, or ____ perform, the same set of joint motion as the ____ o Ex) Brachiallis
• Opposition

Answer 26

• Agonist o Agonist muscles cause a movement to occur through their own contraction. o Main mover o Ex) Brachii • Antagonist o Antagonist muscles oppose a specific movement. o Has the opposite action • Synergist o Synergist muscles performs, or helps perform, the same set of joint motion as the agonists o Ex) Brachiallis • Opposition

Question 27

o Head and Neck

• ____ • Named for attachments
• ___
• ____

Answer 27

o Head and Neck • Sternocleidomastoid • Named for attachments • Infrahyoid • Suprahyoid

Question 28

o Thorax • Thorax: Pectoral

• ___ ____ • Origin on ____ and ____ and little insertion on ____
• ___ ___

Answer 28

o Thorax • Thorax: Pectoral • Pectoralis major • Origin on sternum and clavicle and little insertion on humerus • Pectoralis minor

Question 29

o Back • All the muscles in the ____ back have nothing to do with the back • They work the __ ____

• _____ • Has a trapezoid shape
• ___ ____ • Dorsal means back • Origin is extremely ___ from ___ down to____ and it converges up onto the ____ • So you are Narrow in hip, broad in shoulder
• ___ ____ • Holds the spine up • These are working all the time • Extend down from sacrum and up to back of head • All the muscles as a group are called erector spinae

Answer 29

o Back • All the muscles in the superficial back have nothing to do with the back • They work the upper limb • Trapezius • Has a trapezoid shape • Latissimus dorsi • Dorsal means back • Origin is extremely long from verterbrae down to sacrum and it converges up onto the humerus • So you are Narrow in hip, broad in shoulder • Erector spinae • Holds the spine up • These are working all the time • Extend down from sacrum and up to back of head • All the muscles as a group are called erector spinae

Question 30

o Abdomen:

• ___ ____• Gives you the 6 pack
• ___ ___
• ____ muscles

Answer 30

o Abdomen: • Rectus abdominus • Gives you the 6 pack • Transverse abdominus • Oblique muscles

Question 31

• Shoulder
• Deltoid o _____muscle o Broad origin o Inserts at small point on the ____

o Action: ___ ___ to ___ degrees

o Named for greek letter delta • Looks like upside down delta

• Rotator cuff o All along the ___ ___ ____ are a group of muscles, just ___ the deltoid o Group of 4 muscles o All insert around head of ____

Answer 31

• Shoulder • Deltoid o Convergent muscle o Broad origin o Inserts at small point on the humerus o Action: Abducts arm to 90 degrees o Named for greek letter delta • Looks like upside down delta • Rotator cuff o All along the scapula, clavicle and humerus are a group of muscles, just under the deltoid o Group of 4 muscles o All insert around head of humerus

Question 32

• Forearm
• Flexor/extensor _____
• Extensors o Will be on ____ forearm • (Posterior in anatomical position)
• Flexors o On the _____ surface
• Supinators o ____
• Pronators o Turn the wrist o____
• From elbow to wrist • Most of these muscles go into the hand and work the wrist and fingers

Answer 32

• Forearm • Flexor/extensor digitorum • Extensors o Will be on posterior forearm • (Posterior in anatomical position) • Supinators o Posterior • Flexors o On the anterior surface • Pronators o Turn the wrist o Anterior • From elbow to wrist • Most of these muscles go into the hand and work the wrist and fingers

Question 33

• Wrist • Tendon Repair o ___ ____runs down the wrist in a region with all these tendons. o This is what you cut when you slit your wrist

Answer 33

• Wrist • Tendon Repair o Median nerve runs down the wrist in a region with all these tendons. o This is what you cut when you slit your wrist

Question 34

• Hand • ____ o Band of___ __ designed to hold structures in place o Located in extensor and flexor region of each ____and ___

o These are not ___ o They are ____conn tissue o Holds down tendons

o We have flexor and extensor retinacula o Found in wrist and ankle

o Carpal tunnel • ___ area formed by carpel bones, retinacula, and tendons and medial nerve running to the finger go thru the tunnel

• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome • Impinging on ___ ___ • Inflammation in this region

Answer 34

• Hand • Retinacula o Band of connective tissue designed to hold structures in place o Located in extensor and flexor region of each wrist and ankle o These are not tendons o They are thickened conn tissue o Holds down tendons o We have flexor and extensor retinacula o Found in wrist and ankle o Carpal tunnel • Scooped area formed by carpel bones, retinacula, and tendons and medial nerve running to the finger go thru the tunnel • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome • Impinging on Median nerve • Inflammation in this region

Question 35

• Gluteal

Answer 35

• Gluteal • Gluteus maximus

Question 36

Thigh

• Quadriceps femoris

o Anterior thigh

o Group of muscles on femur

o Contraction will ____ the knee and ____ the hip

o _____leg

• Hamstring muscles

o Posterior thigh

o Extend the thigh and flex the knee

_____ leg

Answer 36

Thigh • Quadriceps femoris o Anterior thigh o Group of muscles on femur o Contraction will extend the knee and flex the hip o Extend leg • Hamstring muscles o Posterior thigh o Extend the thigh and flex the knee o Flex leg

Question 37

• Leg
• Posterior:

o _________ • (Calf muscle) • ___ ___ (Action)

o ____ • Work the ankle and the toes

o Posterior leg muscles ____ flex and ____toes

• Anterior: o Anterior leg muscles ___flex and ____ toes o Big toe is____

Answer 37

• Leg • Posterior: o Gastrocnemius • (Calf muscle) • Plantar flex o Soleus • Work the ankle and the toes o Posterior leg muscles plantar flex and flex toes o • Anterior: o Anterior leg muscles dorsiflex and extend toes o Big toe is hallisus

Question 38

• Ankle • _____ o Holding down the tendons

Foot • Muscles in___ evert and invert foot

Answer 38

• Ankle • Retinacula o Holding down the tendons Foot • Muscles in leg evert and invert foot

Question 39

o Pelvis •

____: most powerful flexor of the trunk • Composed of____ and ____ muscles

Answer 39

o Pelvis • Iliopsoas: most powerful flexor of the trunk • Composed of iliacus and psoas muscles

Question 40

• Striated Muscle: Cardiac muscle o ____ powerful muscle: Heart o Pumps ___liters per minute, ___ liters per day o Involuntary o Controlled by ANS

Answer 40

• Striated Muscle: Cardiac muscle o 1 powerful muscle: Heart o Pumps 5 liters per minute, 7200 liters per day o Involuntary o Controlled by ANS

Question 41

• Non-striated: Smooth Muscle

o Contractility of all _____organs-autonomic NS

o Involuntary

o Controlled by ANS

o Surrounds all___ ____ • We have layers of smooth muscle for rhythmic movement

Answer 41

• Non-striated: Smooth Muscle o Contractility of all hollow organs-autonomic NS o Involuntary o Controlled by ANS o Surrounds all hollow organs • We have layers of smooth muscle for rhythmic movement

Question 42

o Locations:

• ___ • Peristalsis • Rhythmic peristaltic movement • Continually moving
• ____
• ____
• ___ ____ • Smooth muscle is primarily under the control of autonomic nervous system, whereas skeletal muscle is under the control of the somatic nervous system. The single-unit smooth muscle has _____ regions where contractions are spontaneously and rhythmically generated. The fibers contract in unison, that is the single unit of smooth muscle is____. The fibers of multi-unit smooth muscle are innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers and respond _____ from each other upon nerve stimulation.

Answer 42

o Locations: • GI • Peristalsis • Rhythmic peristaltic movement • Continually moving • Reproductive • Urinary • Blood vessels • Smooth muscle is primarily under the control of autonomic nervous system, whereas skeletal muscle is under the control of the somatic nervous system. The single-unit smooth muscle has pacemaker regions where contractions are spontaneously and rhythmically generated. The fibers contract in unison, that is the single unit of smooth muscle is syncytial. The fibers of multi-unit smooth muscle are innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers and respond independently from each other upon nerve stimulation.

Question 43

o Smooth muscle is found within the walls of blood vessels (such smooth muscle specifically being termed vascular smooth muscle) such as in the ___ ____ layer of large (aorta) and small arteries, arterioles and veins.

Smooth muscle is also found in lymphatic vessels, the urinary bladder, uterus (termed uterine smooth muscle), male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, arrector pili of skin, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.

The structure and function is basically the same in smooth muscle cells in different organs, but the ___ ____ differ substantially, in order to perform individual effects in the body at individual times.

In addition, the glomeruli of the kidneys contain smooth muscle-like cells called _____cells.

o Smooth muscle may contract phasically with ____contraction and relaxation, or tonically with ____ and____contraction.

The reproductive, digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, skin, eye, and vasculature all contain this ___ muscle type. This type of smooth muscle can maintain ___ for prolonged time with only___ energy utilization

Answer 43

o Smooth muscle is found within the walls of blood vessels (such smooth muscle specifically being termed vascular smooth muscle) such as in the tunica media layer of large (aorta) and small arteries, arterioles and veins. Smooth muscle is also found in lymphatic vessels, the urinary bladder, uterus (termed uterine smooth muscle), male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, arrector pili of skin, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye. The structure and function is basically the same in smooth muscle cells in different organs, but the inducing stimuli differ substantially, in order to perform individual effects in the body at individual times. In addition, the glomeruli of the kidneys contain smooth muscle-like cells called mesangial cells. o Smooth muscle may contract phasically with rapid contraction and relaxation, or tonically with slow and sustained contraction. The reproductive, digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, skin, eye, and vasculature all contain this tonic muscle type. This type of smooth muscle can maintain force for prolonged time with only little energy utilization

Question 44

• Tone o Muscle has tone o Muscle tone (residual muscle ___ or tonus) is the continuous and passive ___ ___ of the muscles, or the muscle’s _____ to passive ___ during resting state. [1] It helps to maintain ____ o Point of partial contraction

Answer 44

• Tone o Muscle has tone o Muscle tone (residual muscle tension or tonus) is the continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles, or the muscle’s resistance to passive stretch during resting state.[1] It helps to maintain posture o Point of partial contraction