Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children

Question 1

Aetiology (causes/risk factors) for Autism

Answer 1

Multifactorial:
- Genetic factors
- Environmental factors (old paternal age, toxin exposure [heavy metals, pesticides])

Question 2

Diagnosis for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Answer 2

• Comprehensive criteria in DSM 5 (social defecits, restrictive interests or behaviours; hyperfixation, insistence on sameness)
• Developmental milestone monitoring
• Screening (such as SACS-R)

Question 3

Natural history of ASD in kids

Answer 3

• Can show delayed/stunted social development; some kids may experience improvements over time
• Can have comorbidites such as intellectual disabilities, anxiety disorders, ADHD, and epilepsy

Question 4

Treatment of ASD in kids

Answer 4

• Behavioural interventions to aid social development
• Educational support to support academic success
• Therapies (OT, Speech path; sensory integration)
• Symptomatic relief of anxiety etc with medications
• Family support/education/counseling

Question 5

Aetiology of ADHD in kids

Answer 5

Multifactorial, like ASD:
- Genetic factors (heritable risk)
- Environmental factors (maternal smoking/alcohol, low birth weight, lead exposure)

Question 6

Diagnosis of ADHD in kids

Answer 6

• Clinical signs/assessment (impulsivity, distractability, hyperactivity)
• DSM5 criteria
• Rule out learning disabilities/mental health disorders

Question 7

Natural history of ADHD in kids

Answer 7

• Difficulty concentrating/poorer academic performance
• Occupational difficulties
• Difficulties with social integration/maintaining relationships

Question 8

Treatment of ADHD in kids

Answer 8

• Behavioural therapy
• Medications (methylphenidate [ritalin], amphetamines)
• Classroom accomodations to help in school

(Often a combination is used)